Applied Ethics Section 2 Medical Ethics 1 History

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Applied Ethics Section 2 Medical Ethics 1

Applied Ethics Section 2 Medical Ethics 1

History n The history of medical ethics stretches from the Hippocratic Oath to modern

History n The history of medical ethics stretches from the Hippocratic Oath to modern bioethics, with the Nuremberg Code as a key step along the way. 2

History n Many of the principles of medical ethics are detectable in & from

History n Many of the principles of medical ethics are detectable in & from this history, with autonomy as a key 20 th century emphasis. 3

Bioethics n Arose in the 1970 s after philosophers, such as John Rawls, Hans

Bioethics n Arose in the 1970 s after philosophers, such as John Rawls, Hans Jonas &, differently, Richard Hare, devised ways of applying ethical theory to issues of life & death. 4

Ethics of Abortion n n An innovative approach to the ethics of abortion was

Ethics of Abortion n n An innovative approach to the ethics of abortion was introduced by Judith Jarvis Thomson. Her approach was queried by consequentialists; of these, Hare’s approach is distinctive. 5

Principles-based Approach Tom Beauchamp & J. F. Childress emphasized the place of the following

Principles-based Approach Tom Beauchamp & J. F. Childress emphasized the place of the following principles in medical ethics: n Beneficence n Non-maleficence n Autonomy n Justice. 6

Objections to Principles-based Approach n n Some objections focus on the interpretation of autonomy.

Objections to Principles-based Approach n n Some objections focus on the interpretation of autonomy. Situationism: makes principles subordinate to judgements about cases. 7

But… n Even if judgements about particular cases are sometimes more securely known than

But… n Even if judgements about particular cases are sometimes more securely known than principles, the principles may still supply the reasons or justifications for the judgements. 8

To Consider n n What do you think is involved in respecting autonomy in

To Consider n n What do you think is involved in respecting autonomy in medical contexts? Think about the role of principles in medical ethics and about situations where they may conflict. 9

Other Important Issues in Medical Ethics n n Issues relating to justice & international

Other Important Issues in Medical Ethics n n Issues relating to justice & international equity. The increasing spread of tropical diseases in poor countries due to global warming intensifies issues relating to the fair international distribution of medical resources. 10

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