Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Bio

Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Bio. Medical Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm. , Ph. D Professor of Pharmaceutics Department of Pharmaceutics KLE University College of Pharmacy JN Medical College Campus BELGAUM – 590010 Cell No: 00919742431000 E-mail: bknanjwade@yahoo. co. in

Applications of Nanotechnology 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 2

Introduction (Nanotechnology) The prefix nano comes from the Greek word nanos, which means one-billionth part of something. So, nanotechnology can be described as engineering and manufacturing at the scale of a nanometer or nanoscale (nanometer = 10 -9 meter). Examples of nano-substance are- Atom diameter 0. 15 nm, diameter of double strand DNA 2 nm, and cell 1000 nm. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 3

Cell Structure 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 4

Introduction (Nanotechnology) The aim of nano-scientists is to virtually imitate nature. They are trying to construct objects out of their most basic components, atom by atom, the way that nature does. This offers an unprecedented degree of precision and control over the final product. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 5

Introduction (Nanotechnology) As a fundamental understanding of how nature works at the atomic scale. We can consider nanotechnology as enabling technology; it will enable us to do radical new things in virtually every technological and scientific arena. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 6

Introduction (Nanotechnology) However, despite great investments and hard scientific work, things are actually moving a bit slowly. Most scientists believe that nanotechnology will start seriously influence our lives around the year 2020 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 7

Targeted Drug Delivery 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 8

Advantages of Nanotechnology may help in increasing the solubility & bioavailability of drugs. New dosage forms and better exploration of less-used drug administration routes for efficient therapeutic outcomes. Nanoparticles with diameter less than 200 nm are not screened out of circulation by liver and spleen. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 9

Advantages of Nanotechnology is better suited for drug targeting of individual tissues. Cells and cellular receptors and hence, more suitable for gene and vaccine delivery. It may also be helpful in designing nanoporous membranes for controlled-delivery drug devices. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 10

Advantages of Nanotechnology Nanoscale powders of antiasthma and analgesic drugs are quickly absorbed in the human body in comparison to the traditional drug delivery systems. Nanotechnology is particularly useful in case of drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 11

Advantages of Nanotechnology It has been shown that self-assemblies (~ 15 nm) of phospholipid molecules known as sterically stabilized micelles are helpful in improving efficacy and reducing toxicity of such drugs. The side effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide delivered by this nanotechnology was completely eliminated as it extravasated specifically in diseased tissues. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 12

Advantages of Nanotechnology Nanotech based drug delivery is less toxic as well as inexpensive. Nanotechnology is suited for better drugs delivery to small regions within the human body as such drugs can easily cross biological membranes. Liposomes are effective for drug targeting by chemotherapeutic agents. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 13

Nanotechnology – Applications 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 14

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems Nanoparticles can be used in targeted drug delivery at the site of disease to improve the uptake of poorly soluble drugs, the targeting of drugs to a specific site, and drug bioavailability. A schematic comparison of untargeted and targeted drug delivery systems. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 15

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 16

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems Several anti-cancer drugs including paclitaxel, doxorubicin, 5 -fluorouracil and dexamethasone have been successfully formulated using nanomaterials. Polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) based nanoparticles have been formulated to encapsulate dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid with an intracellular site of action. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 17

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems Dexamethasone is a chemotherapeutic agent that has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. The drug binds to the cytoplasmic receptors and the subsequent drug-receptor complex is transported to the nucleus resulting in the expression of certain genes that control cell proliferation. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 18

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems These drug-loaded nanoparticles formulations that release higher doses of drug for prolonged period of time completely inhibited proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Colloidal drug delivery modalities such as liposomes, micelles or nanoparticles have been intensively investigated for their use in cancer therapy. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 19

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems The effectiveness of drug delivery systems can be attributed to their small size, reduced drug toxicity, controlled time release of the drug and modification of drug pharmacokinetics and biological distribution. Too often, chemotherapy fails to cure cancer because some tumor cells develop resistance to multiple anticancer drugs. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 20

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems In most cases, resistance develops when cancer cells begin expressing a protein, known as p-glycoprotein that is capable of pumping anticancer drugs out of a cell as quickly as they cross through the cell's outer membrane. New research shows that nanoparticles may be able to get anticancer drugs into cells without triggering the p-glycoprotein pump. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 21

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems The researchers studied in vivo efficacy of paclitaxel loaded nanoparticles in paclitaxel-resistant human colorectal tumors. Paclitaxel entrapped in emulsifying wax nanoparticles was shown to overcome drug resistance in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HCT-15). 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 22

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems The insolubility problems encountered with paclitaxel can be overcome by conjugating this drug with albumin. Paclitaxel bound to bio-compatible proteins like albumin (Abraxane) is an injectable nano-suspension approved for the treatment of breast cancer. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 23

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems The solvent Cremophor-EL used in previous formulations of paclitaxel causes acute hypersensitivity reactions. To reduce the risk of allergic reactions when receiving paclitaxel, patients must undergo premedication using steroids and anti-histamines and be given the drug using slow infusions lasting a few hours. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 24

Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems Binding paclitaxel to albumin resulted in delivery of higher dose of drug in short period of time. Because it is solvent-free, solvent- related toxicities are also eliminated. In Phase III clinical trial, the response rate of Abraxane was about twice than that of the solventcontaining drug Taxol. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 25

Drug Delivery Carriers 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 26

Recent Developments in NDDS Several terminologies have been used to describe nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. In most cases, either polymers or lipids are used as carriers for the drug, and the delivery systems have particle size distribution from few nanometers to few hundred nanometers. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 27

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Applications of Nanotechnology 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 29

Applications of Nanotechnology 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 30

Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 31

Biomedical nanotechnology Three applications of nanotechnology are particularly suited to biomedicine: diagnostic techniques, drugs, and prostheses and implants. Interest is booming in biomedical applications for use outside the body, such as diagnostic sensors and “labon- a-chip” techniques, which are suitable for analyzing blood and other samples, and for inclusion in analytical instruments for R&D on new drugs. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 32

Biomedical nanotechnology For inside the body, many companies are developing nanotechnology applications for anticancer drugs, implanted insulin pumps, and gene therapy. Other researchers are working on prostheses and implants that include nanostructured materials. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 33

Diagnostics Sensors for medical and environmental monitoring and for preparing pure chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Light and strong materials for defence, aerospace, automotive, and medical applications. Lab-on-a-chip diagnostic techniques. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 34

Diagnostics Sunscreens with ultraviolet-light absorbing nanoparticles. The following applications are expected in the next decade: • Longer-lasting medical implants. • The capability to map an individual’s entire genetic code almost instantaneously. • The ability to extend life by 50% from present expectations. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 35

Nanodrugs Pharmaceutical companies do not expect nanostructured materials to become new drug compounds. However, carbon buckyballs and nanotubes might be useful as drug delivery vehicles because their nanometer size enables them to move easily inside the body. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 36

Nanodrugs The active compound might be inserted in a nanotube or bonded to a particle’s surface. Other types of nanopowders or biomolecules are also useful and are closer to the marketplace. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 37

Nanodrugs In April 2002, American Pharmaceutical Partners (Los Angeles) presented results from an early human trial of ABI-007, a new nanoparticle delivery system for an established anticancer drug. ABI- 007 is 130 nm long and consists of an engineered protein-stabilized nanoparticle that contains paclitaxel, which is used to treat breast, bladder, and more than a dozen other cancers. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 38

Nanodrugs Such new delivery systems combine a drug with an artificial vector that can enter the body and move in it like a virus. If more advanced clinical tests are successful, ABI 007 is likely to enter the market in a few years. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 39

Nanodrugs Cosmetics based on quantum dots are already sold in large quantities. Nanophase Technologies Corp. (Romeoville, IL) produces nanocrystalline materials such as zinc oxide for use in sunscreens and other products. The particles are protective and cause minimal damage to DNA in sunlight. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 40

Nanodrugs Quantum dots are manufactured between 3 and 5 nm, suitable for binding specific biomolecules. The quantum dots are luminescent particles, more stable than the organic dies used today. They are nontoxic. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 41

Prostheses and implants Nanotechnology also has applications in tissue engineering. New biomedical materials for bones, teeth, or other tissues implant are developed using tailor-made materials. Biomimetic nanostructures start with a predefined nanochemical or physical structure. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 42

Prostheses and implants A nanochemical structure may be an array of large reactive molecules attached to a surface, while a nanophysical structure may be a small crystal. Researchers hope that by using these nanostructures as seed molecules or crystals, a material will keep growing by itself. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 43

Prostheses and implants Other groups want to apply nanostructured materials in artificial sensory organs such as an electronic eye, ear, or nerve. Both feats are far off. 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 44

Equipments for Nanoparticles 1. Homogenizer 2. Ultra Sonicator 3. Mills 4. Spray Milling 5. Supercritical Fluid Technology 6. Electrospray 7. Ultracentrifugation 8. Nanofiltration 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 45

Homogenizer & Ultra Sonicator 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 46

ANY QUERIES? 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 47

Cell No: 00919742431000 E-mail: bknanjwade@yahoo. co. in 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 48