Applications for Renewable Energy Presentation by Alison Ernst

Applications for Renewable Energy Presentation by: Alison Ernst, Matt Ball, JP Dolphin, Pim Dangkulwanich, Will Liew, Deshira Wallace & Nick Millar

Overview • Background • Design • Criteria • Evaluation • Materials • Budget

Problem Statement Design system that uses wind energy to power brackish water desalination system without electricity Applicable to: -Developing countries Arid or Semi-Arid regions

Criteria: Wind Turbine • Low Cut-in Speed • Easy to Maintain • Easy to Construct • Reliable • Low Cost • Longevity • Torque Output

Evaluation: Wind Turbine

The Design: Wind Turbine Savonius • Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) • Drag-type Device

The Design: Wind Turbine S-Roter Source: Alexander et al, 1978 Double-hook Source: Modiet al, 1983

Criteria: Pump • Simple Construction • Ease of Maintenance • Low Cost • Reliability • High Pressure Output

Evaluation: Pump Feature External Gear Pump Peristaltic Pump Internal Gear Pump Vane Pump Axial Piston Pump Plunger Pump Pressure (f 1) 1 3 1 1 Flow rate (f 2) 2 3 2 2 Cost (f 3) 1 1 2 2 3 1 Ease of maintenance (f 4) 2 1 1 3 3 1 Ease of constructability (f 5) 3 2 2 Necessary wind speed (f 6) 2 3 3 2 2 2 Control simplicity (f 7) 3 1 2 2 3 2 Noise (f 8) 3 2 1 2 3 2 1=Best 2=Good 3=Bad

Evaluation: Pump Variable Weighing Factor Pressure (f 1) 0. 9 0. 7 0. 4 0. 2 Flow rate (f 2) Cost (f 3) Ease of maintenance (f 4) Ease of constructability (f 5) Necessary wind speed (f 6) Control simplicity (f 7) Noise (f 8)

The Design: Pump Objective function (Z 2)= 0. 9 f 1+0. 7 f 2+0. 7 f 3+0. 4 f 4+0. 4 f 5+0. 4 f 6+0. 4 f 7+0. 2 f 8 Goal: minimize Z 2 External Gear Pump: Z 2 EG=7. 6 Peristaltic Pump: Z 2 P=8. 7 Internal Gear Pump: Z 2 IG=7. 1 Vane Pump: Z 2 V=8. 1 Axial Piston Pump: Z 2 AP=9 Plunger Pump: Z 2 PP=6. 2 ��

The Design: Pump Plunger Pump Double-action Plunger Pump Advantages: • Few moving parts • Proven technology

Evaluation: Membrane • Primary desalination technologies: – Electro-dialysis – Mechanical Vapor Compression – Reverse Osmosis

Evaluation: Membrane Pugh Decision Matrix: Membrane Material Criterion Rejection of organics Rejection of low molecular weight organics Water flux p. H tolerance Temperature stability Oxidant tolerance Compaction tendency Biodegradability Cost Aromatic Thin Film Importance Cellulosic Polyamide Composite 3 -1 0 1 3 5 1 3 4 5 0 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 1 3 3 0 4 1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 1 4 -3 -15 1 1 -1 -1 6 Plusses 3 Minuses 3 Sum 7 Wt Sum

The Design Pugh Decision Matrix: Membrane Structure Spiral Criterion Importance Tubular Flat Sheet Wound Ease of maintenance 4 -1 1 Tendency to fouling 3 1 0 Pretreatment Requirement 3 1 0 Cost 5 0 -1 2 1 1 0 2 -1 1 0 -1 1 2 Plusses 1 Minuses 1 Sum 6 Wt Sum

Design: Membrane • Thin Film Composite Spiral Wound – Commercially available – Ultra-low pressure membranes in development

Considerations: Membrane • Choose membrane from manufacturer – – Determine exact operating pressure Determine flow rates Decide on number of membranes Get approximate costs • Aim for ultra-low pressure

Considerations: Membrane • Select pretreatment – Filter out suspended solids – Prevent microbial growth on RO membrane – Activated carbon, sand filters • Refine post-treatment – Chlorine to prevent later microbial growth – Determine dosing • Consider disposal of brine stream

Schedule

Materials Bench scale: Wind Turbine Membrane • Aluminum Flashing • Low-pressure RO membrane • Plywood • Pre-treatment Filter • Steel Shaft (~. 5” diameter) • Piping • 2 sets of bearings (ball) • Aluminum angle Pump System • Epoxy • Pre-made plunger system • Rivets • Gearing system

Budget System Item Cost Quantity Total Cost Turbine Aluminum Flashing $11 3 $33 Steel Shaft $5 1 $5 Plywood $10 1 $10 Bearings $12 2 $24 Aluminum Angle $10 2 $20 Epoxy $5 1 $5 $30 1 or 2 Pump Plunger Pump Piping (PVC) $2/ft 10 ft Gear System $76 1 $60 *Variable $20 $76 *Variable Membrane Pre-treatment Filter ? 1 RO Filter ? 1 SUB TOTAL $253

References Alexander, A. J. , & Holownia, B. P. Wind tunnel tests on a savonius roter. Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics, 1978, Retrieved January 24, 2009, from https: //wiki. duke. edu/download/attachments/13373206/Loughborough+report. pdf. Ackermann, T. , Soder, Lennart (2002). "An overview of wind energy-status 2002. " Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6: 67 -128. Elimelech, M. , Zhu, X. , Childress, A. E. , Hong, S. (1997). “Role of membrane surface morphology in colloidal fouling of cellulose acetate and composite aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes. ” Journal of Membrane Science, 127, 101 -109. Eltawil, M. , Zhengming, Zhao, Yuan, Liqiang (2008). Renewable Energy Powered Desalination Systems: Technologies and Economics-State of the Art. Twelfth International Water Technology Conference, Alexandria, Egypt. "Hydrostatic Pumps". Hydraulic Equipment and Tools Marketplace. Hydraulic Equipment Manufacturers. Retrieved 25 Jan 2009, from http: //www. hydraulic-equipment-manufacturers. com/hydraulic-articles 1. html. “Integrated Wind Energy/Desalination System” (2006). GE Global Research. NREL SR-500 -39485. Johnson, G. L. (2001). Wind Energy Systems. Manhattan, KS, Prentice-Hall. 2. Krivchenko, G. (1994). Hydraulic Machines: Turbine and Pumps. 2 nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Leighton, C. W. H. , Martin, D. D. , Lindemann, W. C. (1983). “Inability of Microorganisms To Degrade Cellulose Acetate Reverse. Osmosis Membranes”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45, 418 -427. Liu, C. C. K. , et al. “Experiments of a prototype wind-driven reverse osmosis desalination system with feedback control. ” Elsevier. Desalination 150 (2002) 277 -287.

References Lonsdale, H. K. , Merten, U. , Riley, R. L. (1965). Transport Properties of Cellulose Acetate Osmosis Membranes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 9, 1341 -1362. Loopwing Co. (2008). "Loopwing Characteristics. " Retrieved January 22, 2009, from http: //www. loopwing. co. jp/en/entop. html. Lopez-Ramirez, J. A. , Coella Ovieda, M. D. , Quiroga Alonso, J. M. (2006). Comparative studies of reverse osmosis membranes for wastewater reclamation. Desalination, 191, 137 -147. Modi, V. J. , Roth, N. J. , & Fernando, M. S. Optimum configuration studies and prototype design of a wind-energy-operated irrigation system. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 16, Retrieved January 24, 2009 “Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment” (2001). Water Systems. Retrieved January 19, 2009, from http: //www. aquatechnology. net/reverse_osmosis. html Singh, R. (2005). “Introduction to Membrane Technology”. Hybrid Membrane Systems for Water Purification. Colorado Springs, CO, Elsevier. Thompson, M. , Miranda, M. (2000). “Theory, testing and modelling of a Clark pump. ” CREST, Loughborough University of Technology, UK. Wagner, J. (2001). Membrane Filtration Handbook: Practical Tips and Hints (2 nd ed. ). Minnesota: Osmonics, Inc.