Appendix 02 Count Nouns Noncount Nouns 2 Irregular

Appendix 02. Count Nouns & Non-count Nouns

2. 가산명사: 불규칙형(Irregular) 예제 Irregular forms Child- children, Ox- oxen, louse(이)- lice, mouse-mice, Person- people, Man- men, woman-women, human – humans, Human being - Human beings, Tooth-teeth, foot- feet, goose-geese Singular = Plural deer, fish, sheep, offspring, series, species, personnel Bacterium Bacteria Criterion – criteria(표준, 기준) Curriculum Curricula Phenomenon – phenomena(현상) Datum Data Formula – formulae/formulas Dictum Dicta (전문가의 공식견해, 의견) Vertebra – vertebrae(척추, 등뼈) Erratum Words that English has borrowed from other languages Errata (오자) Medium Media Index-indices/indexes Momentum Momenta (운동량, 힘) Appendix-appendices/appendixes Memorandum Memoranda Sputum Sputa (침, 타액) Cactus-cacti/cactuses(선인장) Stratum Strata ((대기, 해양)층, 계층) Stimulus-stimuli (자극, 고무) Ultimatum Ultimata (최후 통첩) Syllabus-syllabi/syllabuses (개요, 교과목 개요, 시간표) Analysis-analyses, basis-bases Crisis-crises, hypothesis-hypotheses Oasis-oases, parenthesis-parentheses (괄호) Thesis-theses

3. 가산명사(Count Nouns): 집합명사류 The match attracted a crowd of over 50, 000. // 5만명이 넘는 많은 관중을 끌어 들였다. Crowds are gathering in the vicinity of Trafalgar Square. The crowd was wild with excitement. // 하나의 단일 집합으로의 군중을 의미(집합명사) The crowd were excited with the game. // 군중에 속해있는 개개인을 의미(군집명사) A majority of people believe Israel and Iran have a mainly negative influence in the world. A majority of the information was wrong. // majority of + information : 단수 The Majority believes that he is innocent. // Majority 단독일 경우 단수 The clergy(목사들) a clergyman (성직자 1인) , The police(경찰들) a police man (경찰 1인) The intelligentsia(지식인 계층), The bar(변호사단), The gentry(특권계급), The elite, The peasantry (농부 들) Ø goods 상품(집합: 복수) Ø merchandise 상품(집합: 단수) a goods (X), a piece of goods (O) a merchandise (X), a piece of merchandise (O) These goods are good. This merchandise is good. Clothes: 의류(집합: 항상 복수) Clothing: 의류(집합: 항상 단수) Ladies' clothes are on the second floor. Loose clothing gives you greater freedom of movement. 1) Family류 집합명사(가산명사): 의미에 따라 단 복수 결정: Audience, couple, congress, family, group, committee, class, organization, team, army, club, crowd, government, jury, majority*, minority, public A Majority of + 복명+ 복동 A Majority of + 단명+ 단동 Majority 단독으로 쓰이면 단수 2) The police류 집합명사( = 군집 명사): 항상 복수, 항상 The 사용 3) clothes류 집합명사: 항상 복수 (the 사용하지 않음) Cloth - 불가산: 직물, 천 - 가산: 행주, 식탁보, (연극의 막) Baggage (luggage), clothing, merchandise, mail, machinery, equipment, weaponry, poetry, furniture, food, fruit, scenery, pottery, game(사냥감), jewelry, produce(농산물) Cattle are grazing in the pasture. Vermin are small creatures such as rats, bats, and lizards which are difficult to see. Poultry provide a substantial part of the global demand of proteins of animal origin. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks. A flock of birds is circling overhead. A herd of cattle is breaking away. // cattle은 복수이나, a herd of cattle은 단수 4) Baggage류 집합명사: 항상 단수(불가산 이기 때문에) 5) Cattle류 집합명사 : 정관사 /부정관사 없이 사용되고, 항상 복수 취급되는 단어들 Cattle은 셀수 있는 단위 사용 Vermin과 poultry는 셀수있는 단위도 없음 A flock of birds, A school (shoal) of fish, A pride of lions, A herd of cattle, A pack of dogs 동물의 a vegetable, a utensil (부엌 기구, 도구) 집합이나 그룹도 셀수 있는 단위와 함께 단수취급가능 주의: 의미는 집합이나 가산 명사인 단어들 7

4. 주의 해야 될 가산 명사: 셀 수 없는 것처럼 보이지만 셀 수 있는 명사들 a discount 할인 a price 가격 a purpose 목적 a refund 환불 a statement 보고서 a workplace 일터 a source 근원/출처 a result 결과 a fund 기금 a mistake 실수 a sum 합계 a relation 관계 셀수 없는 것 처 럼 보이지만 셀수 있는 명사들 a feature특징 an opening빈자리/공석 Pay a large sum in taxes. A fund will be set up for the dead men's families. //사망한 사람들의 가족들을 위한 기금 job address dream problem line answer message program graphics account effect case shock battle issue tour option accident scheme period method walk surcharge spot smile idea task election project judge 8

4. 주의 해야 될 가산 명사 (Cont. ): 항상 복수형태로 쓰이는 명사들 // 항상 복수형이나 단수취급하는 명사들 : 끝이 –s 끝나는 단수 명사 가산: series, species, headquarters, apparatus((한벌로 된) 장치, 기구, (신체)기관), corps(군사, 군대, 단), Series 형태는 복수형이나 단수취급하는 명 사들 불가산: news, mathematics, politics, economics, physics , marbles (구슬치기), measles , billiards, the blues 우울증 는 그 자체적으로 하나의 연속 된 이벤트 덩어리 라는 의미이며, 주로 a series of + 가산/불가산 명사 구조로 일종의 세는 counter(단위)로서 사용됨 - A piece of news / two pieces of news , A press corps (기자단) - The TV series was a spin-off from the movie. 그 TV시리즈는 영화의 부산물이었다. - The series was started two years ago to help poor students. - Create a series of images that expresses an individual style. Apparatus는 가산/불가산 둘다 사용 가능: a heating apparatus (가산: 난방 장치), a piece of laboratory apparatus (불가산: 실험실 장치), - Two apparatuses / two apparatus // 2 가지 복수형이 존재 주의: The United States was ready for war. - a rare species of beetle 딱정벌레 희귀종, - There are many species of dog(s). 개는 종이 많다. // 항상 복수형이고 복수취급하는 명사들 The Olympic Games were held in Seoul in 1988. // 쌍쌍 명사: glasses, shoes, boots, socks, stockings, gloves, pants, trousers, scales, scissors + 복 동 The pants are in the drawer. (O) A pair of pants is in the drawer. (O) 형태는 복수형이며, 복수취급하는 명사들 // 쌍쌍명사는 셀수 있는 단위를 사용 a pants is in the drawer. (X) 1) Olympic Games는 대문자이고 항상 the와 결합, 항상 복수형 2) 쌍쌍명사: 사물의 구성 자체가 쌍인 경우, 또는 동일한 두 부분으로 구성된 경우 - 형태는 복수형이며, 복수취급하나, 불 가산 명사 - 따라서 a와 곧바로 결합 못함 make friends with, cross words 논쟁하다, good terms with, be on good terms with take turns (교대로하다), exchange seats, keep 상호복수 : 의미가 교환 or 상호관계 를 나타내는 경우 복수명사 사용 9

4. 주의 해야 될 가산 명사 : 단/복수 의미가 다른 명사들 advice 충고 - advices 통지, 보고 heaven 천국 - heavens 창공 arm 팔 arms 무기, 군대 jaw 턱 - jaws 입구 moral 교훈 - morals 도덕, 품행 line 선/줄 - lines 시구 effect 효과 - effects 동산, 물건 oil 기름 - oils 유화 color 빛깔, 색깔 - colors 깃발 regard 고려/관심 - sand 모래 sands 모래사장/사막 time 시간 - manner 방법 - manners 예의 return 귀환 - quarter ¼, 분기, 추 - quarters 막사, 숙소, 사령부 proceeding 진행- bone 뼈 - bones골격 spectacle 광경 - accomplishment 성취 - accomplishments 예능 circumstance 사건/사실- circumstances 형편/상황 authority 권위 - authorities 당국 sanction 인가 - sanctions 제재 brain 뇌- brains 지력 damage 손해 - damages 손해액 chain 사슬 - chains 속박 custom 관습, 습관 customs 세관 content 만족, 만족하는 - contents 목차 paper 종이- papers 답안지/시험지/논문 copper 구리 - coppers 잔돈 ground 땅, 지면- regards 안부 times 시대, 횟수 returns 보고 proceedings 의사록 spectacles 안경 grounds 구내 13

4. 주의 해야 될 가산 명사 (Cont……) : Human류 명사 형용사 단수: 사람, 인간 복수: 인간들, 인류 human 인간의, 인류의, A human = a person Humans (NOT. . Humen), A human being = a person Human beings (NOT. . Humen being) Ø Humanity 인류(단복수), 인간성(불가산) Humankind, Mankind = people = the human race = the human species = the human Ø Humankind 인류(단복수) How did Man first discover fire? // 대문자: 인류 Man and woman were created equal. // 무관사 소문자: 남성과 여성 = A man and a woman were created equal. men drivers (= men who drive) 대문자 Man은 인류 라는 의미. man과 woman이 관사없이 사용되면 단수지만 각 각의 성을 대표 Man/woman women pilots (= women who fly planes) man-eaters (= like lions or tigers that eat people) woman-haters (= people who hate women) + Noun이 결합된 문장구조에서 Man/Woman이 주어적용법이면 복수 Man/woman + Noun이 결합된 문장구조에서 Man/Woman이 목적어적용법이면 단수 Man/woman man-servant → men servants woman doctor → women doctors people 집합명사 ‘사람들’ + Noun이 결합된 문장구조에서 , man, woman 주어나 목적어역할이 아니고 동등한 자격이 면 양쪽 모두 복수형 Many people are against it. 보통명사 ‘국민 / 민족’ a warlike people(호전적인 국민) the peoples of Asia(아시아의 여러 민족들) nation 집합명사 ‘국민(전체) 보통명사 ‘국가/민족’ The child captured the heart of the nation. (국민의 동정을 받았다) a nation without a country(나라 없는 민족), a daughter nation (속국) 14

4. 주의 해야 될 가산 명사 (Cont… …. ): 기타 You should always dot your i's and cross your t's. → I자들에게는 언제나 점을 찍어야하고, t자들에게는 가로선을 그어야한다. 문자, 숫자의 복수는 's를 붙인다. Two tea-spoonsful is a dose for a child // 티숟가락 2개 분량. 단수 –sful : 주의 단 어 끝이 ful로 끝나지만 형용사가 아니라 명사( 항상 단수) // 단/복수형이 동일한 명사: 끝에 –s 가없는 복수명사: mouthful / spoonful(명사: 한숟가락 의 분량) / armful → a few spoonsful of sugar // 항상 단수 A spoonful of sugar. // 한 숟가락 분량의 설탕 fish, trout(송어), sheep, deer, offspring, bison, personnel, swine(돼지), carp(잉어), cod(대구), salmon(연어), aircraft, percentage -ful 이들 단어는 복수형 도 끝에 –s가 붙지 않음 - one percent - twenty percent or 20 percent // percent 는 숫자, 문자 둘 다 결합 가능 In my early thirties // 나의 30대 초반 In his twenties // 그의 20대 시절 in the fifties // 50년대에 pros and cons // 찬반양론 , 장단점들 20대, 30대등 나이를 표현하는 경우 항상 복 수형 기타 표현 들 = merits and demerits, = virtues and faults, = virtues and shortcomings, = strengths and weaknesses, = advantages and disadvantages 15

4. 주의 해야 될 가산 명사들: 결합 명사류 // 명사+ 명사s Maidservants, fishermen - 명사 + 명사 = 끝에 -s boy students, tooth brushes, house keepers - 명사 + 타품사 = 명사에 -s // 형+ 명사s - 타품사 + 타품사 = 끝에다 -s blackbirds / highways / public schools - 성별 표시시 양쪽 모두 복수형 결합명사류의 복수형 // 동사+ 명사s cure-alls(만병통치약) / turnkeys / pickpockets(소매치기) // 전 or 부사 + 명사s undertakers / on-lookers(방관자) / by-standers(구경꾼) / lookers-on(구경꾼) / passers-by( 통행인) afternoons / at-homes 전치사/부사 등과 결합하여 만들어진 복합어는 핵심어를 복수화. commanders-in-chief / sons-in-law(사위) / editors-in-chief make friends with, cross words 논쟁하다 take turns, exchange seats keep good terms with, be on good terms with runaway(형: 도망친, 가출한) shake hands with 악수하다 상호관계일때는 복수형 사용 a runaway(한명의 도망자) runaways(도망자들 ) go-between(동사: 중개하다) a go-between(중개자) go-betweens(중개자들) reach-me-down(형: 기성품의) a reach-me-down(기성복, 헌옷) good-for-nothing(형: 쓸모없는) a good-for-nothing(명사: 쓸모없는 사람) holdup (방해, 중지, 도로정체) grown-ups(성인들) drawbacks(결점들) have-nots(가지지 못한 자들) a reach-me-down suit (기성복) merry-go-round(회전목마, 급선회) forget-me-not(물망초)

4. 주의 해야 될 가산 명사 : 명사 + 명사 류 단수Noun + Noun 2 일때, 즉 N 1이 단수명사인 경우 단명Noun 1 a shoe shop (= a shop that sells shoes) a tooth brush (= a brush for teeth) a ticket office (= an office that sells tickets) 복수Noun + Noun 2 일때, 즉 N 1이 복수명사인 경우: 이 경우 전체적인 Noun 1+ Noun 2은 단수 명사취급 복명Noun 1 a goods train(화물열차) a clothes shop a drinks cabinet a glasses case a sports car arms control a greeting(s) card a savings account an antique(s) dealer/shop The courts-martial(군법회의) the drug(s) problem the sales department / a sales team the accounts department the arrivals hall (at an airport) the outpatients department (of a hospital) 외래 환자치료부서 the communications satellite 통신위성 the public relations department 홍보부 the arms control(군축협정) 17

5. 불가산 명사 (Non-count Nouns) 종류 집합명사류 리스트 baggage, clothing, luggage, garbage, equipment, software, hardware, machinery, stuff food, fruit, meat, junk, mail, postage, money/cash/change, Jewelry, makeup, scenery, traffic // Vegetable은 가산명사. Fruit: 과일 전체를 총칭할 때나 식품으로서의 과일은 단수 집합명사, 과일의 종류 를 나타낼 때는 보통명사 취급 물질명사류 water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, blood Fluids(액체) Ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, silver, bronze, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool Solids(고체) air, steam, oxygen, smoke, pollution Gases(기체) rice, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, salt, sugar, wheat, pepper Particles(원소) 추상명사류 happiness, help, health, honesty, hospitality, information, advice, knowledge, justice, intelligence, patience, peace, pride, progress, fortune 기 타 언어 Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish, German, Indonesian 학문분야 chemistry, engineering, history, literature, psychology, mathematic s, politics, economics, physics 운동 /recreation baseball, tennis, chess, bridge, porker, etc 동명사 studying, driving, swimming, traveling, walking 자연현상 rain, snow, wind, thunder, weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lighting, fire, gravity, flood, light, sunshine, sunrise, darkness, electricity, // an earthquake, a tornado, a sunset는 가산명사 병명 measles(홍역), mumps(볼거리) // a headache, a cold, a fever 는 가산명사 기타 news 19

6. 불가산 명사 (Non-count Nouns): 추상 명사류 (Cont. ): 추상명사의 관용적 표현 // have + the 추상명사 +to부정사 = very + 형용사 have + the 추상명사 +to부 정사 = be + 형용사 + enough + to부정사 She had the kindness to show me the way. = She was kind enough to show me the way. = She kindly showed me the way. // all + 추상명사 = very + 형용사 all + 추상명사 He is all attention = He is attention itself = He is very attentive. = 추상명사 + itself all mouth(말뿐인), all eyes(주시하는), all ears(경청하는 = very attentive), = be + very + 형 : 매우 ~ 한 all smiles(만면에 미소를 띠고= very happy), all thumbs(재주가 없는, 서투른) all kindness // to one's + 추상명사(감정명사) = 삽입구 (~하게도) to my disappointment 실망스럽게도 to my grief 슬프게도 to my satisfaction 만족스럽게도 게도 to my surprise 놀랍 전치사 + 추상명사 = 1) to one's + 추상명사(감정 명사) = ~하게도 // of + 추상명사 = 형용사 2) of + 추상명사 = 형용사 of talent = talented 3) 전치사 + 추상명사 = 부사 : 추상명사가 전치사 with, in, by, on 등과 같이 쓰이면 부사적 의미를 갖는다. ex) He is a man of talent. = He is a talented man. of learning = learned (배운) of sense = sensible of wisdom = wise of ability= able of no use = useless of use = useful // with, in, on, at, by+추상명사 = 부사 He did it with ease. = He did it easily. with ease 쉽게 with safety 안전하게 without fail 틀림없이 in reality 사실상 in peace(peacefully) in private(privately) with fluency 유창하게(fluently) in haste 서둘러(hastily) in particular( particularly) by luck (luckily) by design 의도적으로 by accident 우연히(accidentally) by mistake (mistakenly) to the full 충분히 to perfection 완전히 to the point 적절히 on leave 휴가차 on purpose 고의로 the good 선 the humorous 익살스러움 at leisure 여유 있게 on time (= punctually) on occasion 때때로(=occasionally) //the+형용사: 추상명사 the true 진 at ease 편안하게 the + 형용사= 단/복수 보 통명사, 추상명사 the beautiful 미 the unknown 미지의 일 21

8. 주의 해야 될 불가산 명사 access 접근/출입 advice 조언/충고 information machinery 기계류 stationery 문구류 weaponry 무기류 cash baggage 수하물 luck furniture slang vocabulary 가산 불가산 a lender 대여자 - lending 대여 a seat 좌석 - seating 좌석(배열) a letter 편지 - mail 우편(물) a ticket 티켓 - ticketing 발권 a permit 허가서 - permission 허가 a poem 시 - poetry 운문(시종류 총칭) an account 계좌 - accounting 회계(학) a fund 기금, 자금 - funding 자금지원 an advertisement 광고 - advertising 광고(업) homeworkhousework a process 과정 procedures 순서, 절차 processing 처리, 절차, 가공 rubbish damage 손해 money leisure work gossip knowledge 셀수 있는 것 처럼 보이지만 셀수 없는 명사 들 news progress jewelry luggage 수하물 trouble evidence mail equipment 기구/장비 correspondence stuff traffic furnishings 가구, 커튼, 카펫류 - furniture 가구 23

9. Nouns that Can be Both Count and Non-count Non-Count Noun glass Windows are made of glass. Count Noun I drank a glass of water. Jane wears glasses when she reads. hair Anna has brown hair. //머리 There is a hair on my jacket. //머리카락 iron Iron is a metal. //금속-강철 I pressed my shirt with an iron. //다리미 light I opened the curtain to let in some light. //햇빛 Please turn off the light. //전등 I need some paper to write a letter. //종이 I wrote a paper for professor Lee. //논문 Paper I bought a paper. (a newspaper) //신문 Time How much time do you need to finish it? //시간 How many times have you been in Seoul? //횟수 Work I have some work to do. //일거리 That painting is a work of art. //행위 coffee I had some coffee after lunch. //커피 Two coffees, please //커피 2잔 Chicken/fish I ate some chicken/fish. //음식으로의 닭/생선 She draw a picture of a chicken/a fish. //동물 닭, 물고기 experience I haven’t had much experience with art. //경험-지식 을 의미 I had many interesting experiences on my trip. //경험-event 같 은 Problem They have no problem in collecting the required data. // 전체적인 의미로서의 문제점 They have overcome specific problems to draw their theory. //개별적이고 구체적인 문제 All knowledge rests on experience. He has a good knowledge of English. // 특정분야의 지식인 경우 가산명사이며, the good knowledge라고하지 않음 French wine is considered more luxury than America wine. // 일반적인 포도주 The store ordered several types of French wines. Knowledge wine 음식이나 음료수 같은 noun들은 분류목적으로 가산/불가산 구분 하여 사용 Food(s), drink(s), bread(s), coffee(s), fruit(s) 24

10. Using Units of Measure with Non-count Nouns 불가산명사의 수량적 표현 은 unit of measure를 통해 표 햔 가능. I had some tea. I had a cup of tea. I had two cups of tea. I ate some toast. I ate one piece of toast. The container The amount The shape a bag of a pound of a bar of soap a bottle of a quart of a sheet of paper Unit of Measure 종류 a bowl of a box of a can (tin) of a glass of a cup of a jar of a piece of a slice of 25

11. Expression of Quantity: 수량형용사 Summary Table 복수 단수 가 산 two books Every, each + 단수 명사 + 단수 동사 a book both books - Every student, professor, and staff needs to cooperate one book a couple of books Every, each book a few books every book several books - Every one of the students needs to cooperate with professors. any book / any books many books each, one + of + the 복명 + 단동 a number of books 불 가 산 a little food / little food Ø much food little 이 가산명사와 결합시에는 조그마한/ 작은(크기가) 이라는 의미 주의: a little은 긍정적: 조금이라도, little은 부정적: 조 금밖에 a great deal of food a large amount of food - a little girl: (형)작은 소녀 - a little food: (형)음식이 조금있는 가 산/ 불 가 산 no books no food A number of vs. the number of any book/any books any food - A number of books are on the desk. some books some food - The number of days in a week is seven. a lot of books a lot of food lots of books lots of food plenty of books plenty of food most books most food all books all food A number of = many 가산명사/불가산명사 모두사용하는 수량표현 - any, all, most, no, some - a lot of / lots of / plenty of 주의: all 이 단수로 쓰이면 everything의 의미 All is going well. // 모든것이 잘 풀리는 중 26

11. Expression of Quantity: Of를 사용하는 경우 (수량 (대)명사 ) “ ~ of the + 복명~ “ -수량형용사를 수량(대)명사로 사용하는 경우 of the 표현 사용 Most politicians are odious(경멸스러운). (O) 수량형용사가 수량(대) 명사로 사용되는 경우, ‘수 량명사+ of the + 복명 ‘구 조로 사용됨. Most of the politicians are odious. (O) Most of politicians are odious. (X) Most of those politicians are odious. (O) // those는 the와 같은 한정사 of 와 the는 같이 사용 됨. Most those politicians are odious. (X) Most of our nation’s politicians are odious (O) Most our nation’s politicians are odious (X) Most of the food at that restaurant is good. the most 는 최상급 으로 of와 같이 쓰이지 않 음 참고: Out of the all the class room, he ate the most All of the students in my class have passed the exam. (O) = All the students in my class have passed the exam. (O) // of 만 생략가능 - All, both는 of없이 the만 사용 가능 = All of students have passed the exam. (X) // of 를 쓰면 반드시 the 사용 of의 생략 // 주의: All students in my class have passed the exam. (X) // 구체적인 경우 반드시 the사용 All students must have an ID card. (O) // 구체적이지 않은 경우 of 와 the 같이 생략 가능 I knew both men. (O) // of와 the 둘다 생략 가능 I knew both (of) those men. (O) // of만 생략 가능 I knew both of men. (X) // Of를 쓰면 determiner가 반드시 필요 - Both + (of) + specific noun: of 생략가능

11. Expression of Quantity: Of를 사용하는 경우 (cont. ) Without of (수량형용사인 경우) With of (대명사인 경우) one, One student was late to the class. One of the students was late to the class. each, Each student was late to the class. Each of the students was late to the class. every Each book and magazine is listed in the catalog. Every one of the students was late to the class. Every man, woman, and child needs love. Every student was late to the class. //주의: every + 기수 + 복수명사 = All of the students in my class were … Every ten minutes // 10분마다 = every tenth minute = All the students in my class were … = All students were … = Each one of the students in my class was… Every other day, Every other month both, Both students were late to the class. Both of the students were late to the class (a) few, A few students were late to the class. A few of the students were late to the class. several, Several students were late to the class. Several of the students were late to the class. many, Many students were late to the class. Many of the students were late to the class. Much furniture is uncomfortable. Much of the furniture is uncomfortable. A little of the furniture is uncomfortable. all All students were late to the class All of the students were late to the class. some All furniture is good. All of the furniture is uncomfortable. most Some students were late to the class Some of the students were late to the class. any Some furniture is good. Some of the furniture is uncomfortable. a lot of Most students were late to the class Most of the students were late to the class. lots of Most furniture is good. Most of the furniture is uncomfortable. plenty of Not any students were late to the class Not any of the students were late to the class. Not any furniture is good. Not any of the furniture is bad. much, (a) little,

11. Expression of Quantity: A few and Few; A little and little I have been here only one week, but I have made a few friends. //긍정: 벌써 몇명 의 친구를 만들었음 A few와 A little은 긍정의 의 미 A 없는 Few 와 Little에는 부 정적의미 I have few friends (나는 친구가 겨우 몇명뿐이다 //거의 없다) I’m pleased. I’ve been able to save a little money this month. // 긍정: I have saved some money instead of spending it. I have (very) little money. I don’t have enough money to buy food for dinner. //부 정: = I have almost no money. Very 강화 + few/little은 부정의

11. Expression of Quantity: lots of, a lot of, and A lot We need a lot of people for this game. She likes lots of jam on her toast. A lot of + 가산명사 lots of + 불가산 명사 I enjoy swimming a lot. Mary seems to travel a lot. A lot: 부사로 항상 문미 에 위치 ( = a great deal of)