Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones of the shoulders arms

Appendicular Skeleton • 126 bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet

Types of bones • Long, short, flat and irregular

Long bones • Femur

Short bones • Wrist and ankles • More than half of short bones are in hand feet

Flat bones • Ribs, skull

Irregular bones • Vertebrae – shape that does not fit into any of the other three categories

Cartilage • Strong, Flexible connective tissue • Line surfaces of the joints and enable them to move smoothly, cushion adjoining vertebrae and support nose and ears • Baby’s skeleton is mostly cartilage but through ossification the cartilage is replaced by bone

Cartilage

Joints • Ball and socket • Allows the widest range of movement; backward, forward, sideways, and in a circle • Shoulder and Hip

Joints • Pivot Joint – bony projection allows rotation • First two vertebrae in neck

Joints • Ellipsoidal Joint – Like the one in you wrist • Overall part fits into a curved space • Allows all types of movement except pivitol

Joints • Hinge Joint – Allows bending and straightening as the fingers. The knee and elbow are hinge joints

Care of the skeletal system • Nutrition and exercise affect eh health of skeletal system • Milk (vitamin D) helps build bones • Peas, beans, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli and whole grains • Weight Bering exercises help bones stay strong

Problems of the Skeletal system Fractures Two categories simple (closed)-the broken bone does not protrude, or stick out, through the skin Compound- (open) – One or both bone ends project through the skin

Fractures • Fractures also classified according to the shape or pattern of the break 3 classifications • Hairline Fracture – • Transverse • Comminuted Fracture -

Fractures • Hairline – Fracture is incomplete and the ends of the bones do not separate

Fractures • Transverse Fracture – The fracture is completely across the bone • May result from a sharp blow or stress by prolonged running

Transverse Fracture

Fractures • Comminuted Fracture – The bone shatters into more than two pieces, usually from severe force like auto accident

Osteoporosis • Bone density decreases causing bones to become brittle and easily fractured • Women especially vulnerable to this after menopause • No longer producing estrogen to help maintain bone mass

Scoliosis • Lateral side to side curvature of the spine

Injuries to the Joints • Dislocation – bone slips from its normal position at a joint • Usually accompanied by tearing of joint ligament • Do not attempt to replace bone

Dislocation

Torn Cartilage • Can result from sharp blow or sever twisting of a joint • Arthroscopic surgery

Bunion • Painful swelling of the bursa in the first jint of the big toe • Caused by wearing tight shoes

Bursitis • Bursa in a joint becomes inflamed • Common in the shoulder and knee joints • Usually the result of pressure, friction or slight injury to the membrane around the joint

Arthritis • Inflammation of a joint with pain, swelling and stiffness and redness • Most common type is Osteoarthritis – results from wear and tear on the joint and most commonly troubles older adults

Repetitive Motion Injuries • Carpal Tunnel – Caused by prolonged repetitive motion