APHu G Global Concepts Chapter 1 Key Issue

APHu. G Global Concepts Chapter 1: Key Issue 3

REGION REVIEW – formal, functional, or vernacular ? Region: Type: 1. ) Nebraska 1. ) Formal 2. ) Radio Broadcast Area 2. ) Functional 3. ) “Dixie” 3. ) Vernacular 4. ) Brazil 4. ) Formal 5. ) The “Sun Belt” 5. ) Vernacular 6. ) Red Sox Nation 6. ) Vernacular

Geographers Study the World by Dividing it Into Regions: This approach is called “regionalization” Formal, functional & perceptual regions Regionalization causes generalizations, so geographers divide regions down smaller…

Regionalization helps geographers find and study similarities. Then geographers view data/maps at different scales to study human activities & phenomenon. Calcutta, India from 3 different scales

Scales of Analysis GLOBAL NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE LOCAL

BEWARE - SCALES CAN LIE! Something that seems true at ONE scale might not be from ANOTHER scale.

Cancer rates at 3 different scales

Today, geographers are most concerned with the GLOBAL scale. Technology has changed our world, bringing people ‘closer’ together and making cultures ever more SIMILAR.

Globalization is the ‘shrinking’ of the world- not literally, but in terms of interaction and diffusion.

Positive/Negative Effects of Globalization Popular ideas and preferences are worldwide making different cultures ever more similar. Economic issues in one country are more likely to cause ‘ripples’ throughout the rest of the world system

Positive/Negative Effects of Globalization Others feel that this force only serves to make the richer, and the poorer.

Causes of Globalization Widespread use of the internet Widespread use of cell phones Country economic & political alliances Travel technology (ie: trains & planes)

Historically, extreme distance between two places or things meant they were highly unlikely to INTERACT.

This is called DISTANCE DECAYthe farther you are from something, the less likely that it impacts you/you are o interact with it.

Today, extreme distance is no longer the barrier because of advances in travel and communication technologies. This has caused SPACE-TIME COMPRESSION 15

SPACE-TIME COMPRESSION: The reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place, whether it is a person or idea. • KEY element of Globalization!

SPACE - TIME COMPRESSION

Who Spreads/Encourages Globalization? Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are huge companies that divide their activities between different countries in order to maximize profit. They choose the most profitable locations for their activities based on local conditions (like labor costs).

Many stores create a visual appearance that differs as little as possible from place to place.

Distribution is essential to studying TNC’s or other global phenomenon worldwide. Density- frequency with which something occurs in a specified area. Concentration- extent of a feature’s spread Close together = clustered. Spread apart = dispersed. Pattern- arrangements of objects

Distribution Each of these has the same DENSITY- the same amount of houses in the same area. Each, however, has a different CONCENTRATION. Each also has a different PATTERN.

Pattern From clustered to dispersed

DIFFUSION Process by which a something spreads across space from one place to another

4 TYPES OF DIFFUSION Relocation Diffusion • Spread through movement of people from one place to another

4 TYPES OF DIFFUSION Hierarchical Diffusion � Spread from persons/nodes of authority down the ‘chain of power ’

4 TYPES OF DIFFUSION � Contagious Diffusion rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic

4 TYPES OF DIFFUSION Stimulus Diffusion • Spread of a strong underlying principle, though not all might diffuse.