APHG GEOGRAPHERS ALIDRISI By Kayla Mobley BIOGRAPHY AlIdrisi

APHG GEOGRAPHERS

AL-IDRISI By: Kayla Mobley

BIOGRAPHY Al-Idrisi was born in Sabtah which is now the port city of Ceuta in Morocco He was born in 1100 and died in 1165 but they are not sure about the year of his death. He graduated from the University of Cordova and then traveled Europe and North Africa where he gathered information of all the regions and became internationally known as a Geography

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY King Roger II of Sicily heard of Al-Idrisi’s expertise and summoned him to court then instructed him to make an updated map of the world. He hired an Arab geographer to assist him. Al-Idrisi sent many travelers around the world to get detailed information on the location and then compiled it all together.

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY (CONT’D) He also used old maps drawn by other Muslim geographers and the Greek geographer Ptolemy The result was a silver planisphere that showed major cities, lakes and rivers, mountains and trade routes. He also wrote a book named “Kita Rujar” (Book of Roger) which was completed shortly before the king’s death. He drew a map of the Earth North of the Equator divided into 70 sections.

BIBLIOGRAPHY http: //ic. galegroup. com/ic/bic 1/Reference. Details. Page/Reference. Details. Windo w? fail. Over. Type=&query=&prod. Id=BIC 1&windowstate=normal&content. Modul es=&displayquery=&mode=view&display. Group. Name=Reference&limiter=&u=tlc 19905570 0&curr. Page=&disable. Highlighting=false&display. Groups=&sort. By=&source=& search_within_results=&p=BIC 1&action=e&cat. Id=&activity. Type=&scan. Id=&d ocument. Id=GALE%7 CK 2643410314

ANAXIMANDER Michaela O’Hara

BASIC BIOGRAPHY Anaximander was born in 611 bc in Miletus, a city of Iona (modern day Turkey). He was the son of Praxiades. He died in 546 bc in Miletus. Cause of death is unknown. He was the pupil of the first of the 7 wise men, Thales opened a school called Milesian and Anaximander succeeded him and became the second master of the school.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOGRAPHY Anaximander is thought to be the first person to create a map that he made cylindrical shaped instead of flat which was how the world was believed to have been. He came up with cosmology which is the original theory of how the universe worked. He believed the earth was the center of the universe and everything else revolved around it.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOGRAPHY Anaximander believed that the earth is free floating, suspended in space. His reasoning was that the earth had equal pressure on all sides so it must stay where it is. He believed all celestial bodies, in their daily routine, make full circles. The way he thought earth formed was it was covered in water that dried then man sprang from aquatic forms that moved onto land adapted.

BIBLIOGRAPHY "Anaximander. " Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Biography in Context. Web. 2 Oct. 2014. Kahn, Charles. "Anaximander. " Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 2 Oct. 2014. Selected Websites on Anaximander's Life and Works. " Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Biography in Context. Web. 2 Oct. 2014. "Phronesis: Vol. 58, No. 1, 2013. " The Review of Metaphysics 67. 1 (2013): 239+. Biography in Context. Web. 2 Oct. 2014.

CARL SAUER geographer

BASIC BIOGRAPHY Born December 24, 1889 Died July 18, 1995 Was born in Warrenton, Missouri and graduated from the University of Chicago with a Ph. D. in 1915. Carl O. Sauer died on July 18, 1975 in Berkeley, United States

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY After studying the pine forests on Michigan's when teaching at the University. Sauer's opinions on environmental determinism changed and he became convinced that humans control nature and develop their cultures out of that control. He became famous for developing the " Berkeley School" of geographic thought. It focused on regional geography organized around culture, landscapes, and history. His most famous work made at U. C. was his paper "The Morphology of Landscape" in 1925

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY In 1938, he wrote a series of essays focused on environmental and economic issues Sauer organized a conference named "Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, " at Princeton in 1955

BIBLIOGRAPHY en. wikipedia. org http: //geography. about. com/ od/historyofgeography/a/carl sauer. htm www. amergeog. org

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY Paige Rios, Period 5

PTOLEMY’S LIFE Ptolemy was born in Hermious (Upper Egypt) Ptolemy was never anywhere besides Alexandria during his lifetime. Ptolemy’s family was descended from Greece.

THE ALMAGEST The Almagest is one of Ptolemy’s earliest works It gives a mathematical theory of the Sun, Moon, and planets. Ideas of the motions of each planet

GEOGRAPHY Knew the Earth was a sphere First known projection of the sphere onto a plane His work became principal of the subject Ptolemy’s map was accurate except Asia was too far east.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Greene, Nick. “Ptolemy Biography. ” About Education. J J O’Connor and E F Robertson. “Claudius Ptolemy. ” Claudius Ptolemy.

ERATOSHENES By: Miranda Candia & Richard Moreno

BASIC BIOGRAPHY Born about 276 B. C. E. Was born at a Greek colony in Cyrene, Libya Third librarian at Alexandria University A leading all-round scholar His nickname was Beta Geography was his favorite subject Died on 194 BCE

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY PT. 1 Discovered the circumference of the earth

CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOGRAPHY Eratosthenes made a surprisingly accurate measurement of the circumference of the Earth Eratosthenes compared the noon shadow at midsummer between Syene (now Aswan on the Nile in Egypt) and Alexandria. He assumed that the sun was so far away that its rays were essentially parallel, and then with a knowledge of the distance between Syene and Alexandria, he gave the length of the circumference of the Earth as 50, 000 stadia. While it is not known exactly what length of stade Eratosthenes was using, some scholars think that estimate equaled 31, 300 miles. Eratosthenes measured the tilt of the Earth's axis with great accuracy obtaining the value of 11/83 of 180°, namely 23° 51' 15".

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY PT. 2 He helped make accurate maps

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY Another contribution that Eratosthenes made to geography was his description of the region "Eudaimon Arabia", as inhabited by four different races. The situation was somewhat more complicated than that proposed by Eratosthenes, but today the names for the races proposed by Eratosthenes, namely Minaeans, Sabaeans, Qatabanians, and Hadramites, are still used. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. he suggested that heavy rains sometimes fell in regions near the source of the river and that these would explain the flooding lower down the river.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ryan. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene. " World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 2 Oct. 2014. Lawson, Russell M. "Greek and Roman geographical science. " World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABCCLIO, 2014. Web. 2 Oct. 2014.

GEORGE PERKINS MARSH By: Brittany Medellin

BASIC BIOGRAPHY born: March 15, 1801, Woodstock died: July 23, 1882 considered to be America’s first environmentalist knew 20 languages wrote Man and Nature considered himself “an indifferent practitioner” studied linguistics wrote book on origin of English language designed the Washington Monument belonged to the Whig Party

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY (Man and Nature) Man and Nature is known as the ‘first modern discussion’ of problems in the environment and one of the most influential text of its time Observed that erosion, lack of fertile fields were caused by the deforestation of mountains. Used his book to make Americans rethink on how we damage and misuse our natural environment Believed ancient civilizations (Mediterranean) were their own cause of their collapse due to how they abused the environment.

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY *He raised awareness and had good proof in how human activities can cause destruction on the environment. With deforesting of hillsides, we destroyed what gave them a good standard of living because of the lack of natural fertility. Noticed if we harm our environment now, it can harm us in the future. His valuation of water pollution, forest cover, (etc. ) still remains valid. Now, 130 years later we listen to what he said, after our fear for the environment has increased. (cont. )

BIBLIOGRAPHY Clark College Encyclopedia of Earth -George Perkins Marsh: eoearth. org Renaissance Vermonter published: Feb. 26, 2009 clark. edu University of Washington Press National Park Service washington. edu -George Perkins Marsh: Father of the Man and Nature American Conservation Movement published: 2003 nps. gov

GERARDUS MERCATOR Marissa Jensen 4 th Period

QUICK LOOK OVER Born as Gerhard Kramer in Rupelmonde, Flanders Changed his name when he became a student at the University of Louvain in 1530 Born: March 15, 1512 Died: December 2, 1594 at age 82 Nationality: Flemish (a Dutch language spoken in Flanders, and one the two official languages of Belgium) His earliest finished globe was done in 1536 and his first map was finished in 1537

WHAT HE DID WITH GEOGRAPHY Mercator developed a new projection for the world map in 1569 He made maps easier with more accurate sea routes for navigators that were traveling to discover and trade He did so by drawing straight longitude ad latitude lines Though maps before Mercator were legible, it was harder to set a specific route with them due to the lack of direction (1538 map by Mercator)

Mercator’s Studies More on Maps While Mercator studied at the University of Louvain he also had interests and studies in philosophy, theology, astronomy, mathematics, geography, art & engraving Mercator had created and published many maps, some of which his some had published Many of the maps his son published were put together in the first world atlas by his son The atlas was titled “Atlas’ or Cosmographic Meditations on the Structure of the World” In the atlas was also where Mercator introduced the use of Italics

BIBLIOGRAPHY ~Biography in Context (Gale Group) http: //ic. galegroup. com/ic/bic 1/Reference. Details. Page/Reference. Details. Window? fail. Over. Type=&query=&prod. Id=BIC 1&windowsta te=normal&content. Modules=&displayquery=&mode=view&display. Group. Name=Reference&limiter=&u=tlc 199055700&curr. Page=&disable. Highlighting=false&display. Groups=&sort. B y=&source=&search_within_results=&p=BIC 1&action=e&cat. Id=&activity. Type=&scan. Id=&document. Id=GALE%7 CK 1647000254 ~Google for the pictures

IBN BATTUTA(13041368) By Sergio Perez

BIOGRAPHY Ibn Battuta was born in Tangier, Morocco in the year 1304. He was an Arab traveler/writer and he spend thirty years of his life travelling(started at age 21). He left his hometown of Tangier on June 13, 1325 to travel a journey to every Muslim country of his day. Travelled many places in Africa, Europe, and Asia.

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY Ibn Battuta traveled all of Africa and Europe to write and sketch how the land was shaped.

CONTRIBUTION TO He recorded the political and the social life in accurate detail of GEOGRAPHY every Muslim country back in his day. He traveled across North Africa to Egypt and Syria to Mecca. He then toured the Middle East and the Near East, sailed along the East African coast, then returned back to Mecca, and travelled across Asia Minor. He then travelled through the steppes of central Asia to India where he stayed for 8 years. He later travelled to Maldives all the way to China and back to his hometown of Morocco in 1349.

Battuta ended his travels in December 1353 He travelled a total of 120, 000 kilometers, the longest journey overland before the invention of the steam engine. He saw many things in his travels such as court of sultan ceremonies, burning of widows in India, and even African cannibalism.

BIBLIOGRAPHY http: //ic. galegroup. com/ic/bic 1/Reference. Details. Page/Reference. D etails. Window&source=Bookmark? u=tlc 19905570&jsid=fef 7 f 02 eb 2 b 76 d 85716 bbd 19 cb 6 bfdaf http: //ic. galegroup. com/ic/bic 1/Reference. Details. Page/Reference. D etails. Window? fail. Over. Type=&query=&prod. Id=BIC 1&windowstat e=normal&content. Modules=&displayquery=&mode=view&display. Group. Name=Reference&limiter=&c urr. Page=&disable. Highlighting=false&display. Groups=&sort. By=&s earch_within_results=&p=BIC 1&action=e&cat. Id=&activity. Type= &scan. Id=&document. Id=GALE%7 CK 3403500207&source=Book mark&u=tlc 199055700&jsid=020 b 75319554 d 198 e 1 a 61 f 9 c 8 fdc 75 54

IDRISI By: Jessica Olivas

BASIC BIO Al-Idrisi was born in Ceuta in Morocco, a descendant of the sharifian Hammudid dynasty. He studied at Cordova, the center of scholarship in Moslem Spain. He as born in 1100 He died ca. 1165 in Sicily His work remained important for such Muslim intellectuals as the great Ibn Khaldun, but it was mostly unknown to Europeans until the 17 th century

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY Later, he traveled to continents likes Africa, Europe, and Asia to gather geographic data and plant samples. The extremely informative map had details of major cities, trade routes, lakes, rivers, mountains and information on altitudes, distances and others. After years of gathering information , he could make accurate measurements of the earth's crust in order to make a rough draft of the world map. He was recognized by the king of Sicili, Rodger. He invited him to make an updated map or the world.

CONTRIBUTION TO GEOGRAPHY To complete that task, it is believed that al-Idrisi and the king recruited a number of dependable men to travel and collect data for the work. Based on his own experience and knowledge and the reports of those men, al-Idrisi produced his master work, commonly known as Roger's Book. The book began with a description of the planet Earth and then moved on to describe seven climatic zones.

BIBLIOGRAPHY MLA Sizgorich, Tom. "al-Sharif al-Idrisi. " World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABCCLIO, 2014. Web. 2 Oct. 2014

Larry Padgett PTOL EMY

ØWas born as Claudius Ptolemaeus ØBorn 100 A. D ØDied 170 A. D ØTheodore Meliteniotes mentioned in 1360 that Ptolemy was born in Hermiou (which is in Upper Egypt not Lower Egypt where Alexandria actually was)

INFLUENCE ON GEOGRAPHY Ptolemy’s maps are todays Atlas. Latitude is measured from the equator , but Ptolemy preferred to express it as climata, the length of the longest day rather than the arc. He also provided instructions to make maps for uninhabited places for the Roman empire.

• Of Greek descent but a native of Egypt, Ptolemy was one of the wisest men of his time. • Few things are known about his life, but many are known about the things he wrote on. • Ptolemy did not only contribute to geography but to other fields such as astrology, astronomy, musical theory, physics, and optics. • In today’s age we still use several of Ptolemys’ theories and argue against the same problems that he had faced. • He had collected, looked over, and presented geographical items that would later be known and geographical knowledge so that it could be used later on in the world. • Some of these ideas were location by latitude and longitude, earth being spherical though the ground is flat, and developing the first equal area map.

OTHER WORKS OF PTOLEMY Ptolemy worked on other things other than geography. He also was a astronomer and he wrote on about the suns, Earths, and moons motions and how they worked. Ptolemy also made the geocentric model (also known as the Ptolemaic system). The geocentric model is a model that shows Earth at the center of the solar system. Since this model was the only known model of the solar system, they assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and other planets circled Earth.

• Through a series of 8 books titled Geographica (his guide to geography), Ptolemy explains how to calculate a places location by using latitude and longitude (the location for calculations was for near 8, 000 places). • How to put the whole earth on a flat map in multiple ways; The ways the maps were produced were in an equal area projection, stereographic projection, and in a conic projection. Ø (It included a world map, 26 regional maps, and 67 maps of smaller areas; and everything else that compiled and summarized most of the geographic information gathered by the Greeks and Romans up to that time. ) • Copies of Ptolemys’ world maps took up most of navigation and other maps for centuries to come, which provided necessary help to early European explorers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ptolemy#Geography http: //www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/482098/Ptolemy http: //www. csiss. org/classics/content/76 http: //cdn 1. thefamouspeople. com/profiles/images/claudius-ptolemy. jpg http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ptolemy

THALES By: Rosa Briones.

Biography of Thales was born 620 BCE in the Greek town of Miletus. He discovered the basics of geometry and was named one of the seven sages (the wisest men of the ancient world). Thales brought common sense to the world because most geographers thought the location of Miletus at a midpoint between eastern and western civilizations contributed to the intellectual advances of Thales and his fellow Ionians. The Ionian Greeks were active traders throughout the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and their travels brought them in contact with the learning of civilizations in Egypt and the Near East. Thales is thought to have visited Egypt at some point, and it is probable that his exposure to Babylonian astronomical observations influenced his thinking on astronomy. explained their discoveries to be a work of magic. He presented logic to the ancient era.

Contribution to Geography (1) The location of Miletus at a midpoint between eastern and western civilizations contributed to the intellectual advances of Thales and his fellow Ionians. The Ionian Greeks were traders throughout the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and their travels brought them in contact with the learning of civilizations in Egypt and the Near East. Thales is thought to have visited Egypt at some point, and it is probable that his exposure to Babylonian astronomical observations influenced his thinking on astronomy. The crucial advance of Thales and his school of thought was in their approach to understanding the world. He began with the premise that the physical world was an ordered place governed by a set of laws of nature, rather than by the random and arbitrary acts of divine beings. The Ionian philosophers referred to the universe as the "cosmos, " or an orderly arrangement that is beautiful. Since the

Contribution to Geography (2) The difference between the Ionian philosophers and earlier scholars in Greece and the Near East was that the Ionians separated scientific thinking from magic and religion; Babylonian astronomers, for example, had always incorporated their celestial observations into their preexisting religious beliefs. While the Ionians did not seem to have disputed that the gods existed or that they were important, they did not seek divine causation or magic as the ultimate reality of the physical world. That approach freed them to believe that they could achieve a better understanding of the world around them, rather than relying only on what was known in the past. They also came to believe that statements about the natural world had to be backed by reasoned arguments grounded in evidence. Those crucial philosophical innovations are seen by many as the beginning of Western science.

Sources http: //ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/Search/Results? q=Thales