APES UNIT 3 HYDROSPHERE The Hydrosphere a The

  • Slides: 34
Download presentation
APES UNIT 3 HYDROSPHERE

APES UNIT 3 HYDROSPHERE

The Hydrosphere a The hydrosphere is often called the "water sphere" as it includes

The Hydrosphere a The hydrosphere is often called the "water sphere" as it includes all the earth's water that is found in streams, lakes, the soil, groundwater, and in the air. a The hydrosphere interacts with, and is influenced by, all the other earth spheres. a The biosphere serves as an interface between the spheres which aids in the movement of water between the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere.

The Hydrologic Cycle a There are five processes by which water moves throughout each

The Hydrologic Cycle a There are five processes by which water moves throughout each of the earth’s spheres a condensation a precipitation a infiltration a runoff a evapo-transpiration

The Structure of Hydrosphere • Oceans— 96. 5% of water is salt • Fresh

The Structure of Hydrosphere • Oceans— 96. 5% of water is salt • Fresh water distribution: water and it found in the oceans. • Ice: 1. 762% • Groundwater: 1. 7% • Fresh water—the remaining 3 • Surface Fresh Water: 0. 014% percent is freshwater. • Atmosphere and soil: 0. 002%

Water, Everywhere • a Water is found everywhere in, on, and around the earth.

Water, Everywhere • a Water is found everywhere in, on, and around the earth. a. Earth is the only planet where water is found, and it is found in its three different forms a liquid (water) a gas (vapor) a solid (ice) a Nearly ¾ of the earth’s surface is covered by water, hence the nick -name “the Blue Planet” a Remember, water is also found in the ground and in the soil as well

Understanding Where Your Water Is Located— Oceans and Ice • What features house water

Understanding Where Your Water Is Located— Oceans and Ice • What features house water as ice? • Glaciers: any large mass of ice that moves slowly over land • *permanent snow areas also “house” water as ice

Understanding Where Your Water Is Located— Oceans and Ice • What bodies of water

Understanding Where Your Water Is Located— Oceans and Ice • What bodies of water hold the largest amount of water? • Oceans—the largest bodies of water on Earth (contain salt water only) • Examples of oceans: • Atlantic Ocean • Indian Ocean • Pacific Ocean

Oceans are responsible for keeping the planet from burning up by the sun’s heat

Oceans are responsible for keeping the planet from burning up by the sun’s heat and it is the planet’s largest source of heat a The large mass of liquid serves as a buffer for the sun’s heat and it keeps earth in a state of homeostasis by not allowing any drastic changes in temperature a Why would it be important to keep the earth’s temperature at a relatively constant state?

a. Ocean currents: a pull CO 2 down to the deeper portions of the

a. Ocean currents: a pull CO 2 down to the deeper portions of the ocean a carry warm waters from equatorial regions to those neared to the poles a These currents are sent in motion by: a prevailing winds a Coriolis force, which is the force created by the rotation of the earth a account for 1/4 of the heat transport on the earth Ocean Currents

Oceanic Levels The ocean is divided into three levels These levels are determined by

Oceanic Levels The ocean is divided into three levels These levels are determined by the level of penetration by the sun’s light

Oceanic Zonation EUPHOTIC ZONE (Sunlit) The most shallow of the zones only reaches the

Oceanic Zonation EUPHOTIC ZONE (Sunlit) The most shallow of the zones only reaches the depth of 600 feet a warmest temperatures are nearly UNIFORM (due to rapid transfer of heat) a thickness and temperatures FLUCTUATE a lots of light penetrates

Oceanic Zonation DISPHOTIC ZONE (Twilight) This middle zone reaches the depths of 3000 feet

Oceanic Zonation DISPHOTIC ZONE (Twilight) This middle zone reaches the depths of 3000 feet a cooler waters a more fluctuation in temperature a some light penetrates

Oceanic Zonation APHOTIC ZONE (Midnight) This deepest zone takes up 90% of the space

Oceanic Zonation APHOTIC ZONE (Midnight) This deepest zone takes up 90% of the space in the ocean a coldest temperatures a most saline a most dense a completely devoid of light

Currents, Waves & Shorelines a currents carried on the surface of the water are

Currents, Waves & Shorelines a currents carried on the surface of the water are called waves a when waves meet the land shorelines are created a the interaction between the sea and the land causes some erosion of the land which creates sediment a sediment is carried into the ocean from the waves

Fresh Water Locations—Surface Water • What is the difference between a watershed and a

Fresh Water Locations—Surface Water • What is the difference between a watershed and a river basin? • Both terms describe land that drains into a river, stream or lake. • River Basin: the term used to describe an area that drains into a large river • Watershed: the term used to describe an area that drains into a smaller river or stream.

Fresh Water Locations—River Basins and Watersheds • Larger river basins are made up of

Fresh Water Locations—River Basins and Watersheds • Larger river basins are made up of many interconnected watersheds • Example: Cape Fear and Neuse River Basins are made of many small watersheds. • The water in a watershed runs to the lowest point—a river, stream, lake, or ocean

Fresh Water Locations—Rivers, Streams, and Lakes • What is a river? • A large

Fresh Water Locations—Rivers, Streams, and Lakes • What is a river? • A large channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope—made of many streams that come together.

Fresh Water Locations—Rivers, Streams, and Lakes • What is a lake? • A body

Fresh Water Locations—Rivers, Streams, and Lakes • What is a lake? • A body of water of considerable size contained on a body of land.

Lake classification: hydro-regime • Open lakes have outflow streams. • Closed lakes are found

Lake classification: hydro-regime • Open lakes have outflow streams. • Closed lakes are found in endorheic basins in arid areas; e. g Lake Eyre (Australia): shallow lake forms in La Niña years (e. g. 2000), usually persists for 1 year. Never overflows - lake sits at 15 m below sea level.

LAKE STRATIFICATION

LAKE STRATIFICATION

Lakes are divided into three categories dystrophic lakes a low food value a full

Lakes are divided into three categories dystrophic lakes a low food value a full of soil particles a water is usually brown oligotrophic lakes a lake nourishment a very clear water eutrophic lakes a well nourished a intense birdlife a lots of plankton

POND STRATIFICATION

POND STRATIFICATION

Other Surface Waters • What is a wetland? • An area where the water

Other Surface Waters • What is a wetland? • An area where the water table is at, near or above the land surface long enough during the year to support adapted plant growth.

Other Surface Waters • What are the types of wetlands? • Swamps, bogs, and

Other Surface Waters • What are the types of wetlands? • Swamps, bogs, and marshes • Swamp: a wetland dominated by trees • Bogs: a wetland dominated by peat moss • Marshes: a wetland dominated by grasses

Fresh Water Locations--Groundwater • What is groundwater? • The water found in cracks and

Fresh Water Locations--Groundwater • What is groundwater? • The water found in cracks and pores in sand, gravel and rocks below the earth’s surface.

Additional Vocabulary • Artesian Well – a well in which water rises because of

Additional Vocabulary • Artesian Well – a well in which water rises because of pressure within aquifer. • Reservoir – a lake that stores water for human use. • Tributary-a stream feeding a larger stream or a lake

The Water Table • saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all rock openings

The Water Table • saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water • water table: the upper surface of the zone of saturation

The Water Table (cont. ) • perched water table: the top of a body

The Water Table (cont. ) • perched water table: the top of a body of ground water separated from the main water table beneath it by a zone that is not saturated

The Movement of Ground Water • most ground water moves relatively slowly through rock

The Movement of Ground Water • most ground water moves relatively slowly through rock underground • because it moves in response to differences in water pressure and elevation, water within the upper part of the saturated zone tends to move downward following the slope of the water table Movement of ground water beneath a sloping water table in uniformly permeable rock. Near the surface the ground water tends to flow parallel to the sloping water table

Aquifer • What is aquifer? • Is a rock layer that stores water and

Aquifer • What is aquifer? • Is a rock layer that stores water and allows water to flow through it.

Aquifers • aquifer: a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can

Aquifers • aquifer: a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily • good aquifers include sandstone, conglomerate, well-joined limestone, bodies of sand gravel, and some fragmental or fractured volcanic rocks such as columnar basalt • aquitards: when the porosity of a rock is 1% or less and therefore retards the flow of ground water

Aquifers (cont. ) • unconfined aquifer: a partially filed aquifer exposed to the land

Aquifers (cont. ) • unconfined aquifer: a partially filed aquifer exposed to the land surface and marked by a rising and falling water table • confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): an aquifer completely filled with pressurized water and separated from the land surface by a relatively impermeable confining bed, such as shale

Fresh Water Locations—Rivers, Streams, and Lakes • What is a stream? • A small

Fresh Water Locations—Rivers, Streams, and Lakes • What is a stream? • A small channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope—made of small gullies.

Springs and Streams • spring: a place where water flows naturally from rock onto

Springs and Streams • spring: a place where water flows naturally from rock onto the land surface • some springs discharge where the water table intersects the land surface, but they also occur where water flows out from caverns or along fractures, faults, or rock contacts that come to the surface Water enters caves along joints in limestone and exits as springs at the mouths of caves Water moves along fractures in crystalline rock and forms springs where the fractures intersect the land surface Springs can form along faults when permeable rock has been moved against less permeable rock. Arrows show relative motion along fault Springs form at the contact between a permeable rock such as sandstone and an underlying less permeable rock such as shale