APA Style Referencing APA APA American Psychological Association

APA Style Referencing

APA • APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. • However, It does not specifically discuss about Skripsi, These, and dissertations. https: //owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/5 60/01/

Types of APA Papers If your paper fits neither category: • Follow the general format • Consult the instructor • Consult the APA Publication Manual

Outline • • Headings Citations Graphics and Figure Bibliography

General APA Format Your essay should: • be typed, • double-spaced, • have 1” margins (for PBI’s Skripsi the margins are 4 cm on the left side, 4 cm on the top, 3 cm on the right, and 3 cm on the bottom side) • APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font. • be printed on standard-sized paper (8. 5”x 11”)

Every page of your essay should: • Include a page header (Title, all caps) in the upper lefthand corner and (However, Theses and dissertations rarely have running head/title) • the page number in the upper right

APA uses a system of five heading levels APA Headings Level 1 Format Centered, Boldfaced, Upper & Lowercase Headings 2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Upper & Lowercase Headings 3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period. 4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period. 5 Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.

Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

Citations • APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found. . . • …and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

Direct Short Quotations (less than 40 words) • If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p. "). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

Direct Long Quotations (40 words or more) Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

In-Text Citation: Works with Two Authors When citing a work with two authors, use In the signal phrase, use “and” in between the authors’ names In parenthesis, use “&” between names

In-Text Citation: Works with 3 -5 Authors When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis. (Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999) In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al. " in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Harklau et al. , 1993)

In-Text Citation: Works with 6+ Authors When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by “et al. ” Smith et al. (2006) maintained that…. (Smith et al. , 2006)

In-Text Citation: Same Last Name/Author When citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names. (B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008) When citing two or more works by the same author and published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order the references. Smith’s (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants…

Summary or Paraphrase • According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. • APA style is a difficult citation format for firsttime learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Summary or Paraphrase Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e. g. : According to Xavier (2008), “…. ” (p. 3). Xavier (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3). Use such signal verbs such as: acknowledged, contended, maintained, responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc. Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases when they discuss past events.

Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures • For figures, make sure to include the figure number and a title with a legend and caption. These elements appear below the visual display. Figure 1. How to create figures in APA style.

Bibliography/References