APA Crediting Sources InText Citations InText Citation Include

APA: Crediting Sources In-Text Citations

In-Text Citation • Include: • Author(s) • Year of publication • Page number (mandatory for direct quotes)

In-Text Citation • The author and year must always appear next to each other: • According to Mayman (2003)… • The intervention was unsuccessful (Mayman, 2003). • The page number can be separated from the author/year: • According to Mayman (2003), “the intervention was unsuccessful” (p. 14).

Number of Authors • 1 -2 • Johnson and Smith (2009) • (Johnson & Smith, 2009) • 3 -5 • First time: • James, Greer, and Downs (2010) • (James, Greer, & Downs, 2010) • Every other time after: • James et al. (2010) • (James et al. , 2010) • 6 or more • Every time: • Peters et al. (2001) • (Peters et al. , 2001)

Quotes • Use only when the original author “said it best. ” • Surround the quoted material with “double quotation marks” • Include the page number in your in-text citation. • Mid-sentence quotes: cite the source immediately after the quote and continue. • End-of-sentence quotes: close the quotation marks and put the citation immediately after the quote (but before the period).

Example • End of sentence: According to the researchers, “biochemical markers facilitate the detection of dangerous cells” (Swift, 2009, p. 62). Falls are a growing concern because “ 30% of falls result in some type of injury” (Mion, 2012, p. 1). • Split-citation: O’Daniel (2011) found that “nursing students often don’t report episodes of bullying to instructors” (p. 119). Mion (2012) stated that “ 30% of falls result in some type of injury” (p. 1). • Mid-sentence: Playing dodge-ball is a “good cardiovascular exercise” (Pratt, 2008, p. 19), but can be dangerous. Falls are a growing concern because “ 30% of falls result in some type of injury” (Mion, 2012, p. 1) and CMS does not reimburse for these injuries.

Block quotes • Quotes that are 40 words or longer are written as block quotes. • • Starts on a new line Entire quote is indented and double spaced No quotation marks Page number comes after the period at the end of the quote

Example The study identified bullying as a serious issue among nurses. One nurse in that study stated: I can honestly say that there is bullying everyday that I work. Until now I didn’t realize that eye-rolling, gossiping, or ignoring someone were forms of bullying. I can see, though, how those kinds of behaviors can have a negative impact on our personal and professional lives. I don’t know why we treat one another the way we do. I guess we’ve just been socialized that way. (Tanner, 2011, p. 77)

Text and Reference List Agreement • Every reference cited in text must appear in the reference list • **Except personal communications** • Every entry on the reference list must appear in the text

Citing a Photo Obtained from the Internet Question: • I am struggling with citations for web images found on Google. • Answer: From Shannon Johnson, Librarian • First, always make sure you are actually viewing the original source - or as best you can tell the original source - of the image. Many times Google images is pulling from one website but they are using it from another who got it from another. . . and down the rabbit whole you go. Another important thing to remember is that not all images are copyright free - so while you might get away with using it for a paper in class you may not be able to use it for anything in "real life" or practice - even if you cite it. Be sure the image has a workable Creative Commons license or is otherwise available for use and what the restrictions and qualifications on that use are. None of that is easy to do. Depending on the image type you need, there are several image collections available for the health sciences that I can point you to that have clearly defined use and attribution info.

Citing a Photo Obtained from the Internet Cont. • Berkeley actually has a lovely guide to images - http: //www. lib. berkeley. edu/PUBL/healthimages. html that lists most of the major sources. • My favorite is the NIH websites which usually have very clear statements. For example, the NIDCR Image Gallery uses this blank statement: • Permission is granted to use the images in this gallery for educational, news media or research purposes, provided the source for each image is credited. The material may not be used to promote or endorse commercial products or services.

Citing a Photo Obtained from the Internet Cont. • Next, to cite an image, I'd adapt the following from Purdue Owl-Graphic Data (e. g. Interactive Maps and Other Graphic Representations of Data) • Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information. • Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2008]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved from http: //lasp. colorado. edu/cgi-bin/ionp? page=input_data_for_ spectra. ion • So if it's a chart, you'd indicate that in the [Chart] or photograph [Photograph]. Creator/author first like normal, date if you know it, type in brackets, title or image alt text if there's no official title, and retrieval info. Special thanks to Shannon Johnson, the nursing librarian, for this information. She is a wealth of knowledge and can be reached at johnsons@ipfw. edu.