APA 6 th Edition Made Easy How A

APA, 6 th Edition Made Easy How A Scholarly Paper Should Look Presented by: Dr. Bea B. Bourne 11/26/2020 1

Presentation Overview • American Psychological Association (APA) background • Overall writing tips • Title Page • Headings • Citations – How to cite short quotes – How to cite electronic sources – How to cite no author – Personal communications – How to cite long quotes • Reference formatting – Reference examples • DOI • Additional APA Help 11/26/2020 2

APA Background The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, and educators. • When editors or teachers ask students to write in APA Style, they are referring to the editorial style that many of the social and behavioral sciences have adopted to present written material in the field. 11/26/2020 3

APA Background continued • APA Style was first developed 80 years ago by a group of social scientists who wished to establish sound standards of communication. Since that time, it has been adopted by leaders in many fields and has been used by writers around the world. • APA's style rules and guidelines are discussed in a reference book called The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 11/26/2020 4

Overall Writing Tips • Basic elements of all papers include an introduction, body, and conclusion. • Edit and proof read, check for words that spellcheck will not pick up. • APA preferred Font: Times New Roman, 12 point. • Watch for long paragraphs and run on sentences. • One space after a period, or any punctuation. • Indent paragraphs 5 -7 spaces. • The proper reference page format is a hanging indent. • Everything is double spaced – this includes quotes & reference page. • Give credit where credit is due. You must cite the source of information in the body of your paper (Author, date, & page number for direct quotations), not just direct quotes require citation. • Margins 1. 0 all around (top, bottom, left and right of every page) - ragged right margin. • Use numerals to express numbers 10 and above and words to express numbers below 10. 5

Title Page • The title page includes: title, running head, author’s name, and institutional affiliation. • Page numbers start with the title page (page one) by setting the header feature in your software. • Header includes 2 or 3 words from title, then 5 spaces and page number. • See example of a title page in APA manual (6 th ed. ) page 41. (APA, 2009, p. 229 -230) 11/26/2020 6

Headings Think of headings as an outline. Headings helps the writer organize ideas. Headings help the reader anticipate key points and track the development of your paper. Most papers and dissertations will only need three levels of headings, i. e. , Levels 1, 3, and 4. 11/26/2020 (APA, 2009, pp. 62 -63) 7

Citations Cite the work of individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work. You must cite the source of information in the body of your paper by providing the author, date, & page number for direct quotations. • Properly cited sources add to the researcher’s credibility. • Paraphrased information also require a citation. • The next few slides provides examples of in-text citations. (APA, 2009, pp. 169 -179) 11/26/2020 8

How to Cite Short Quotes Short direct quotes with fewer than 40 words are incorporated into the text and are enclosed by quotation marks. Example: “Approximately 27% of the workforce displays poor emotional intelligence” (Miele, 1993, p. 276). • Example: Miele (1993) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when only behaviors were studied in this manner” (p. 276). (APA, 2009, p. 92) 11/26/2020 9

How to Cite Electronic Sources Electronic sources often do not include page numbers. If no page numbers are provided use the paragraph number instead. Electronic Direct Quote Example: As Myers (2000, para. 5) aptly phrased it, “. . . positive emotions are great. ” 11/26/2020 10

How to Cite Sources With No Author • If no author is provided: In text, use a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short, in place of an author name in the citation: (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2005, p. 12). (APA, 2009, p. 172) 11/26/2020 11

Personal Communications • An interview or email is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. • Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. Examples: (J. Smith, personal communication, August 15, 2010). J. Smith (personal communication, August, 15, 2010). 11/26/2020 (APA, 2009, p. 179) 12

How to Cite Long Quotes • A Block quote is required for a long quotation consisting of 40 words or more. Quotes of 40 words or more are indented in a block format without quotation marks. The block quotation is started on a new line, and is indented 5 -7 spaces. The block quote is double spaced. Example: Miele (1993) found the following: The ‘placebo effect, ’ which had been verified in previous studies disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. The behaviors were not exhibited again even when real drugs were given. (p. 40) 11/26/2020 (APA, 2009, p. 92, & p. 171) 13

Reference Formatting • The reference list belongs on a separate page. • Double space references. • First line is flush left with remaining lines of reference indented 5 spaces (hanging indent). • The reference list should be listed in alphabetical order. • All sources listed on your reference list must be cited in the body of your work to show where you used the information. Next several slides provide examples 11/26/2020 (APA, 2009, pp. 198 -224) 14

Sample Reference Page References Aldoory, L. , & Toth, E. (2004). Leadership and gender in public relations: Perceived effectiveness of transformational and transactional leadership styles. Journal of Public Relations Research, 16(2), 73 -82. Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from http: //www. nytimes. com Cairo, P. , Dotlich, D. L. , & Rhinesmith, S. H. (2005). The unnatural leader. Retrieved from http: //proquest. com/ Carroll, A. B. (2005). Servant leadership. Nonprofit World, 23(3), 31. Kouzes, J. M. (2003). Business Leadership: A Jossey Bass Reader. New York. John Wiley. 11/26/2020 (APA, 2009, pp. 198 -224) 15

Reference Examples • Example a book review (electronic version): Heuristic. (n. d. ). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11 th ed. ). Retrieved from http: //www. mw. com/dictionary/heuristic • Example a book review (print version): Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11 th ed. ). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. • Example Newspaper Article (print version): Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A 1, A 4. • Example Newspaper Article (electronic version): Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from http: //www. nytimes. com Note: Entire document should be double spaced, not single spaced as shown in this example. 11/26/2020 (APA, 2009, pp. 198 -224) 16

Reference: No Author Book, no author or editor: • Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11 th ed. ). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam. Webster. Note: Hanging indent, references are flush left with 2 nd & 3 rd lines indented 5 spaces, no author (APA, 2009, pp. 198 -224) 11/26/2020 17

No Author, Web Citation When there is no author for a web page, the title moves to the first position of the reference entry: Example: New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2010, from http: //news. ninemsn. com. au/health /story_13178. asp No author, no year, and no page numbers Example: Heuristic. (n. d. ). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11 th ed. ). Retrieved from http: //www. mw. com/dictionary/heuristic Note: “n. d. " for no date 11/26/2020 (APA, 2009, p. 205) 18

What is a digital object identifier, or DOI? • A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique code assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. The publisher assigns a DOI when an article is published and made available electronically. • All DOI numbers begin with a 10 and contain a prefix and a suffix separated by a slash. • Include DOIs (when available) for both print and electronic sources. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article, near the copyright notice. Example: Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information, by J. S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304. doi: 10. 1126/science. 290. 5495. 1304 19

Additional APA Help APA resources include: • APA website: http: //www. apastyle. org/ • Learn the basics quickly with a free tutorial on the APA website from the link above. • Purchase a copy of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6 th ed. Consequences of not citing material developed by another is plagiarism 11/26/2020 20