AP World History Review HumanEnvironment Interaction Mr Millhouse
- Slides: 36
AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School Spring 2009
Human/Environment Interaction p This theme includes: n Demography & Disease p Demography is the statistical study of human populations Migrations n Patterns of Settlement n Technology n
Paleolithic Era: Demography Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was relatively stagnant
Paleolithic Era: Migration
Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement p Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers) n n n Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits Follow migratory patterns of animals Need large portions of land to support themselves Life expectancy was 20 years or less Lived in groups of 20 -30 people
Paleolithic Era: Technology
Neolithic Era: Technology p Agriculture (10, 000 BCE) n n p p Domestication of Animals Technology related to agriculture n n p Caused by climate change? Slash & Burn Irrigation, canals, etc. Bronze metallurgy People need nature & nature needs people
Neolithic Era: Demography p Effects of agriculture n n Increase in population Rise of disease Decline of life expectancy Environmental degradation p p p Increase in pollution Increase in deforestation Increase in desertification Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5 -8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5, 000 years
New Patterns of Settlement p p Small village communities Pastoral societies n p Nomadic herders Rise of civilizations n n n Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) Egypt (3000 BCE) Indus River (2500 BCE) China (2000 BCE) Olmec (1400 BCE) Chavin (900 BCE)
Human Migration: Indo-Europeans Aryans
Human Migration: Polynesians
Human Migration: Bantu
New Technology: Iron p p Iron use begins 1500 BCE Effects of Iron n n Population growth Expansion of agriculture Growth of cities Expansion of civilization
Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era
Classical Demography p Spread of epidemic disease n p Population decreases dramatically n n p Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc. Europe falls 50% between 200 -600 CE Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between 0600 CE Contributes to the decline of classical empires
Post-Classical Migration
Post-Classical Demography p p Population grows after 800 CE Technology n n p Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system China: Champa rice & terrace farming Africa: Iron plow Aztecs: Chinampas Spread of crops n Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc.
Post-Classical Demography p Urbanization n n p Bubonic Plague n n p Hangzhou— 1 million ppl. Paris— 275, 000 people Italian cities Tenochtitlan China’s population fell 50% from 1200 -1400 Europe’s population fell 33%-50% Population took only 100 years to rebound
Spread of Civilization
Spread of Civilization
Demography 1450 -1750: Americas p Discovery of the Americas n p Decreased indigenous American population by as much as 90% Replaced by two waves of migration n n African slave trade European colonization
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Columbian Exchange
Demography 1450 -1750: China p China’s population tripled from 1650 -1750 n n n Improved farming techniques Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) End of nomadic invasions
Demography 1450 -1750: Europe p Urbanization n p Agricultural Revolution n n p Netherlands became 1 st country with 50% urban population London— 50, 000 in 1600; 400, 000 by 1650 Paris— 200, 000 in 1350; 500, 000 by 1700 Crop rotation and enclosures American crops (corn and potatoes) Population in every area of Europe increased by 50 -100% in the 18 th century
Demography 1750 -1914: Global
Demography 1750 -1914: Europe p Tremendous population growth n n Improvements in food supply Application of science & technology p p p Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation eliminates famine § Steamboat p Creates a greater need for new energy sources n Coal, electricity, gas, & petroleum Year Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19. 3 1850 292 25. 0 1900 482 30. 0
Demography 1750 -1914: Europe p Demographic transition n n p Rapid urbanization n p High to low mortality High to low fertility Suburbanization Decline in urban mortality n n Urban sanitation Germ theory of disease
European Migration from 1750 p 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas
African Slave Trade after 1750 p Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870
Demography 1750 -1914: Asia p Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850 n p Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled n n China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million
Asian labor migration after 1750 China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1. 5 million & Indonesia-2. 8 million) and the Americas Japan: Over 500, 000 to the Americas and Pacific India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean
Population Explosion of 20 th Century Population quadrupled from 1. 6 billion to 6. 2 billion
Causes of Change p Public Health Measures n n n p Attacks on disease carrying insects Widespread vaccinations Information campaigns Programs to control sewage and other contaminants International agencies focused on health care More dependable food supplies n New farming methods
Impacts of Population Growth p Improved Agriculture n p Peasants Uprisings n n p Green Revolution China, Mexico, etc. Pressure Third World governments Urbanization n n Parasitic cities Urban pollution p Immigration n East Asian emigration continued Middle East & Africans emigrated to Western Europe & the U. S. Immigrants face prejudice
Limiting Population Growth p Many countries advocated birth control & legalized abortion n p 85% of countries backed family planning China adopted a two-child policy in 1977 n Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization p Return of plague epidemics p n AIDS virus
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