AP WORLD HISTORY Period 3 600 CE 1450

AP WORLD HISTORY Period 3: 600 CE – 1450 Regional and Transregional Interactions *The LEAST YOU NEED TO KNOW, Directly from the AP Board!

Key Concept 3. 1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Although Afro-Eurasia and the Americas remained separate from one another, this era witnessed a deepening and widening of old and new networks of human interaction within and across regions. The results were unprecedented concentrations of wealth and the intensification of cross-cultural exchanges. Innovations in transportation, state policies, and mercantile practices contributed to the expansion and development of commercial networks, which in turn served as conduits for cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies. Pastoral or nomadic groups played a key role in creating and sustaining these networks. Expanding networks fostered greater interregional borrowing, while at the same time sustaining regional diversity. The prophet Muhammad promoted Islam, a new major monotheistic religion at the start of this period. It spread quickly through practices of trade, warfare, and diffusion characteristic of this period. I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks. A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities. ü The Silk Roads ü The Mediterranean Sea ü The Trans-Saharan ü The Indian Ocean basins

Venice, a “New” Trading City

Key Concept 3. 1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Continued… B. New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed. C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization; use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization. D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China.

Myth, medicine and medieval tastes created a market for the world's first globally traded product By Paul Freedman Yale Global, 11 March 2003 … To the medieval European imagination, the East was exotic and alluring… As far back as the 7 th century Europeans thought that pepper in India grew on trees "guarded" by serpents that would bite and poison anyone who attempted to gather the fruit. . . Only with a report by the merchant Nicolo de' Conti in the early 15 th century do we have a European eyewitness at a pepper harvest … Price and availability of spices in Europe were affected by global factors: from the weather in India to relations between Christian and Muslim powers… The quest for spice was one of the earliest drivers of globalization… One widely disseminated explanation for medieval demand for spices was that they covered the taste of spoiled meat. Spices were more expensive than meat. . . However, refrigeration was not available, and some hot spices have been shown to serve as an anti-bacterial agent. Salting, smoking or drying meat were other means of preservation… Most spices used in cooking began as medical ingredients. . . Spices ordered for the wedding of George "the Rich, " Duke of Bavaria, and Jadwiga of Poland in 1475 included 386 pounds of pepper, 286 pounds of ginger, 257 pounds of saffron, 205 pounds of cinnamon, pounds of cloves, and 85 pounds of nutmeg! Sugar functioned as a spice during the era [due to its rareness]…

Popular Medieval Spices Saffron (the world’s most expensive spice!) Cinnamon Black Pepper Grains of Paradise (used in Sam Adams Summer Ale!) Ginger

Caravanserai A caravanserai was a roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey. The caravanserais were usually built a day's journey apart. The ruins of a caravanserai in Behistun, Iran

Medieval Banking Houses and Hard Currency The Christian prohibition on usury eventually provides an opportunity for… [Jews], barred from most other forms of employment… During the 13 th century bankers from north Italy (Lombards) gradually replace the Jews due to “Creative accountancy” enables them to avoid the Christian sin of usury; interest on a loan are presented as a voluntary gift! Florence is well equipped for international finance thanks to its gold coin, the florin (first minted in 1252). . . By the early 14 th century the Bardi and Peruzzi families have grown immensely wealthy by offering financial services… They provide merchants with bills of exchange, by means of which money paid in by a debtor in one town can be paid out to a creditor presenting the bill somewhere else… many of Europe's rulers are heavily in debt to the city's bankers. . . In the 1340 s Edward III of England is engaged in the expensive business of war with France, at the start of the Hundred Years' War. He is heavily in debt to Florence, having borrowed 600, 000 gold florins from the Peruzzi. . . In 1345 he defaults on his payments, reducing both Florentine houses to bankruptcy. Florence as a great banking center survives even this disaster. Half a century later great fortunes are again being made by the financiers of the city. Prominent among them in the 15 th century are two families, the Pazzi and the Medici (who will soon sponsor Renaissance artists!) – historyworld. net

Venetian Empire On the coast of northeast Italy, Venice was a major power in the medieval and early modern world, and a key city in the development of trade routes from the east to Europe. Its strategic position on the shores of the Adriatic Sea, within reach of the Byzantine Empire and traders from the Near East, allowed the city to become a hub of trade in the west, receiving goods from the east by sea and disseminating them into the growing European market. Founded in the 5 th century AD, it was not until the 9 th century that Venice started to become a major maritime power, profiting from trading rights granted by the Byzantine Empire. At the same time, the city became increasingly independent, developing as a city state with extensive maritime capacity throughout the Mediterranean. In the 11 th century, military missions were sent out to subdue the pirates that threatened maritime trade along the Dalmatian coast. Venice grew in power after the sack of Constantinople by crusading forces in 1204 (4 th Crusade), a campaign that was orchestrated by the Venetians, now wholly independent from the empire…

Venetian Empire Continued… The looting and destruction that took place resulted in abundant booty being carried back to Venice, and enshrined the Republic’s position as the most important center of trade in the west. . . a trade treaty between Venice and the Mongol Empire was established in 1221. . . It was from Venice that Marco Polo, himself a Venetian, set off on his famous expedition to the east in 1271, returning in 1295 with stories about eastern cultures, peoples and traditions that were considered unbelievable by contemporary audiences. His journey demonstrated the possibilities of travelling to the east, and did much not only to create a western fascination with the east (especially through his travelogue The Travels of Marco Polo), but also to put Central Asia, India and China on the western medieval map and thus to encourage further trade and communication in this direction. As such, the Venetian Republic became the center of a maritime empire of unequalled power… local pirates… Intermittent war with Genoa… as was conflict with Arabs. . . However, it was the maritime strength of the Ottoman Turks that would eventually weaken the Venetian hold on the Mediterranean and break their monopoly in the 17 th century, ushering in a new era of competition for the control of trade between Europe and the east.

Lubeck, a Hanseatic City Venice, a Trading Empire

Key Concept 3. 1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Continued… E. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks. ü China ü The Byzantine Empire ü The Caliphates ü The Mongols II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects. A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it. B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact. ü The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa ü The maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages.

Example of environmental knowledge and technological adaptations: Scandinavian Viking Long ships “Dragon-headed longships… could cross the open oceans under sail and then switch to oars for lightning-fast hit-and-run attacks on undefended towns and monasteries. . . Far surpassing contemporary English or Frankish vessels in lightness and efficiency. ” – pbs. org *The Vikings and Muslims had contact with each other! 10 th Century explorer and geographer Ibn Rustah described the Vikings as “handsome, clean and well-dressed”. Vikings and Muslims traded at Kiev and Novgorod by the Volga river.

Example of Diffusion of Languages: Swahili The Swahili language is a syncretic language based on Bantu and Arabic. Its literal meaning is "the coast". Formed by trade between the East African trading states, Arabia, and India. *Helped by monsoon winds.

Key Concept 3. 1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Continued… III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication. A. Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants and missionaries. B. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. C. The writings of certain interregional travelers illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding. D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions. E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions.

An Example of a Diaspora Community: The Jews Generally, Jews were relatively free and moderately prosperous in medieval Europe. . . Charlemagne (742 -814) even invited Jews to live within his empire, mostly for economic reasons. (Recall that Christians needed Jews to be bankers, as they thought usury) was sinful. ) By the end of the middle ages, we saw the Lombards replacing Jewish banking positions. In 1492, the Spanish Inquisition began, forcing many Jews to convert, leave (many went to Morocco or Eastern Europe), or pretend to be Catholic. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council called by Pope Innocent III, decreed that Jews must wear badges or distinctive conical hats to distinguish them from other people. The first of many ritual murder charges started in 1144 in Norwich, England. Jews were charged with blood libels; killing Christian children to use their blood for making unleavened bread (matzo) for Passover. Jews were blamed for the Black Death and murdered. Jews were gradually confined in ghettos (isolated and segregated communities). These began in western Europe. BUT Polish rulers welcomed Jews during the 13 th and 14 th centuries, issuing charters of legal rights for Jews. During the hundred years of the 15 th century, the Jewish Polish population exploded from about 15, 000 to 150, 000. Jewish migration to Eastern Europe. fcit. usf. edu

An Example of Interregional Travelers: Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta “I have not told half of what I saw. ” –Marco Polo “I have indeed – praise be to God – attained my desire in this world, which was to travel through the earth. . . ” – Ibn Battuta

Example of Diffusion of Cultural Traditions: Neo-Confucianism in East Asia There was a vigorous revival of Confucianism in the Song period. . . But the issues stressed by Confucian teachers changed as Confucianism became closely associated with the state from 100 BCE on, and as it had to face competition from Buddhism, from the 2 nd century CE onward. . . The revived Confucianism of the Song period (often called Neo. Confucianism) emphasized meditation as a path not only to selffulfillment but to the formation of a virtuous and harmonious society and state. ” BY ZHU XI, a neo-Confician philosopher (1130 -1200)

An Example of the Diffusion of Scientific and Technological Traditions: The return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia “In the 9 – 10 th centuries, the mosque schools evolved into universities, the first in Europe, which flourished in every city, drawing Jewish, Christian, and Muslim scholars and students like magnets, from all over the world. Finally, there were the academies, separate from the mosques, the most famous of which were the House of Wisdom and the House of Science, which were libraries, translation centers, and astronomical observatories. . Hakem II extended education to the needy, by building 27 elementary schools in Cordoba for children of poor families…Books originally written in Persia and Syria, became known first in Andalusia. The city produced 60, 000 books a year, facilitated by the use of paper, an invention the Arabs had taken from the Chinese, and developed in factories in every major city. The kings of Castille and Aragon took Arab women for their wives. . .

The return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia Continued… “Arabic works were rapidly rendered into Latin in the translation schools… and not only Greek Classics, but also the Koran, were translated. Under Alfonso, translations were done into… French, as well as Latin… He also founded a “general school of Arabic and Latin” in Seville, where Christians and Muslims taught science and philosophy. Alfonso commissioned Arab navigators and astronomers to work with him on the “Astronomical Tables, ” and authored a History of Spain. ” By Muriel Mirack Weissbach 2001 The Alhambra Palace, Granada Map of the Christian reconquista of Iberia, complete by 1492.

Key Concept 3. 1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Continued… IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes. A. New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas. B. The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest.

The Spread of Sugar in the Middle Ages “On the island of New Guinea, sugarcane was domesticated some 10, 000 years ago. . . Sugar … finally reached the Asian mainland 1000 BCE. By 500 CE it was being processed into a powder in India and used as a medicine. . . By 600 CE the art had spread to Persia. . . When Arabs conquered the region, they carried away the knowledge and love of sugar. . . Marzipan was the rage, ground almonds and sugar sculpted into outlandish concoctions. . . By 1500, the demand for sugar was surging… the sugar that reached the West was consumed only by the nobility, so rare it was classified as a spice! But with the spread of the Ottoman Empire in the 1400 s, trade with the East became more difficult age of exploration. . . In 1425 the Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator sent sugarcane to Madeira with an early group of colonists. The crop soon made its way to other newly discovered Atlantic islands—the Cape Verde Islands, the Canaries. In 1493, when Columbus set off on his second voyage to the New World, he too carried sugar cane Caribbean islands and slave plantations, leading, in time, to great smoky refineries on the outskirts of glass cities, to mass consumption, fat kids, obese parents, and men in XXL tracksuits trundling along in electric carts…” by Rich Cohen natgeo. com

The Spread of Sugar in the middle Ages Marzipan fruit made from sugar and ground almonds. Mmmmm

Don’t Forget About Oceania! 1400 CE the 1 st moai (giant statues) were erected on Easter Island, and how they deforested their island isolation.

Key Concept 3. 2. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions State formation in this era demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation and diversity in various regions. In Afro-Eurasia, some states attempted, with differing degrees of success, to preserve or revive imperial structures, while smaller, less centralized states continued to develop. The expansion of Islam introduced a new concept — the Caliphate — to Afro-Eurasian statecraft. Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive empires that integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds. In the Americas, powerful states developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean region. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged. A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties — Sui, Tang, and Song — combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances.

Example of a Political Innovation: Tributary Systems Under the Tang Dynasty, Vietnam, Korea, and Tibet become tributary states. A tributary state must pay tribute (money) to ensure “autonomy”.

Key Concept 3. 2. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions Continued… B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged, including those developed in various Islamic states, the Mongol Khanates, city-states, and decentralized government (feudalism) in Europe and Japan. C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions. D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca. II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers. ü Between Tang China and the Abbasids ü Across the Mongol empires ü During the Crusades

Example of Synthesis by States: Chinese Influence on Japan 6 th century Buddhism ----- Zen Buddhism, tea ceremony, haiku 7 th century Government ------ Imperial Court at Nara and then Heian By the 9 th century patriarchy in China ----- patriarchal Japanese family, spread of polygamy among Japanese aristocrats

Key Concept 3. 3. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes. Productivity rose in both agriculture and industry. Rising productivity supported population growth and urbanization but also strained environmental resources and at times caused dramatic demographic swings. Shifts in production and the increased volume of trade also stimulated new labor practices, including adaptation of existing patterns of free and coerced labor. Social and gender structures evolved in response to these changes. I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions. A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations. B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions. C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.

Technological Innovation: The Chinampa System Tenochtitlan was built on swampy but rich ground… the chinampas became key to the food production of the Aztecs… Plots about 30 m by 2. 5 m were staked out on the lake bed. A fence was woven between the stakes, and the area would be filled in with mud and vegetation. The next rectangle would be parallel to this one, with room for a canal in between, where canoes could pass through. - aztechistory. com

Key Concept 3. 3. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences Continued… II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks. A. Multiple factors contributed to the declines of urban areas in this period. ü Invasions ü Disease ü The decline of agricultural productivity ü The Little Ice Age B. Multiple factors contributed to urban revival. ü The end of invasions ü The availability of safe and reliable transport ü The rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 ü and 1300 ü Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising ü population ü Greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth

Key Concept 3. 3. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences Continued… C. While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious, and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities emerged to take on these established roles. III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life. A. As in the previous period, there were many forms of labor organization. ü Free peasant agriculture ü Nomadic pastoralism ü Craft production and guild organization ü Various forms of coerced and unfree labor ü Government-imposed labor taxes ü Military obligations

Key Concept 3. 3. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences Continued… B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia. C. New forms of coerced labor appeared, including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit’a in the Inca Empire. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. ü China ü The Byzantine Empire D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neo-Confucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.

Period 3 Changes and Continuities Changes Continuities Western Europe Centralized to decentralized government, rise of centralized government after the 100 Years War Decline of trade following the fall of Rome in 476, rise of trade following Crusades Venice and Florence traded throughout the middle ages Agriculture was dominant lifestyle Christianity was dominant religion from end of Roman Empire throughout the middle ages Eastern Europe Byzantines spoke Greek instead of Latin Later conquered by Ottoman Turks Byzantine Empire continued Roman traditions; hippodrome, Orthodox Christianity South Asia Delhi Sultanate 1206 – 1526

Changes Continuities East Africa Swahili trading states arose Maritime trade Islam was the dominant religion West Africa Ghana 830 – 1235 CE Mali 1230 – 1600 CE Islam was the dominant religion Gold – salt trade SW Asia Umayyad Caliphate 661 CE – 750 CE Abbasid Caliphate 758 – 1258 CE moved capital to Baghdad Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1914 conquered Constantinople, instigated Crusades by not allowing Christians to pray in Jerusalem Islam was the dominant religion Arab Muslims continued to trade along the Silk Road, and from East Africa to India Golden Age in the arts and sciences

Changes East Asia Tang Dynasty 618 - 907 CE reestablished centralized rule, completed Grand Canal. Backlash against Buddhism led to Neo-Confucianism. Song Dynasty 960 - 1279 CE Use of the civil service exam supported Confucianism Yuan Dynasty 1271 – 1368 was established by Kublai Khan. Only Mongols could serve in the government. Ming Dynasty 1368 – 1644 Emperor Yongle built the Forbidden City. Zheng He’s voyages. Under Emperor Hongle, China ceased long – distance sea voyages. Continuities Patriarchal society Tributary system New technological innovations

Changes Continuities Americas Classical Maya 6 th century CE – 900 CE Aztecs 1200 CE – 1519 Inca 1438 CE - 1533 By 1450 CE the Europeans had not yet brought over Christianity; all 3 civilizations remained polytheistic and continued to practice human sacrifice. Oceania Easter Island built large statues, deforestation Pacific ocean trade continued (with the exception of Easter Island after they ran out of wood for boats)

HW Questions 1. How did Venice create a financial empire? 2. What evidence is there that spices were the first “globally traded product”? 3. How did Florentine banking give rise to the Medici family? 4. How were medieval Jews treated? Why did many end up in Poland by the end of the middle ages? 5. What was the purpose of the Hanseatic League? Be specific. 6. Describe the history of sugar in 1 paragraph or less. Also, do you agree with Rich Cohen that sugar was the true cause of the Age of Exploration? 7. Finish your Period 3 chart. *Will count as a separate HW 8. Complete your Period 3 visual timeline (see the next slide). *Will count as a separate HW

Period 3 Visual Timeline 600 CE – 1450 CE You must create a visual timeline for the following events. Keep it simple! You must include the dates and events as listed below along with an appropriate visual, but you do NOT need to include any additional information. Date 800 CE 1095 CE Event Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day The Vikings discovered “Vinland” in Newfoundland, Canada 1200 CE 1215 CE 1279 CE 1325 CE 1400 CE Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to regain the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks The Incan capital of Cuzco was built The Magna Carta was signed Kublai Khan conquered the Song Dynasty in China Tenochtitlán was settled by the Aztecs The Moai statues were erected on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 1434 Cosimo de’ Medici commissioned Donatello to sculpt “The David” 1453 The Ottomans conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul

Key Vocabulary Andalusia Bantu Ibn Battuta Blood Libel Caravanserai Chinampas Hanseatic League Iberia Jewish Diaspora Lombards Moai Marco Polo Neo-Confucianism Reconquista Swahili Tributary States Usury Viking Long Ships