AP World History New Imperialism 1884 1914 Periods

AP World History: New Imperialism 1884 - 1914 Periods 5 and 6 1880 -1914 THE NEW IMPERIALISM was characterized by a frantic competition among European nations to gobble up as much of the world map as possible. This led these nations into conflicts with native peoples and with each other.

I Causes of the New Imperialism Economic Political Social 1. Factories needed natural resources such as rubber & petroleum 2. New markets to sell factory goods 3. Bankers wanted to invest profits 4. Colonies gave Europe’s growing population places to move to 1. Steam powered ships needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies. 2. Nationalism led to a desire for a global empire to increase your nation's prestige around the world. 1. Missionaries believed they should spread Christianity 2. Europeans felt racial superiority was “justified” due to theory of Social Darwinism (White Europeans are biologically superior, so they needed to take care of their racial inferiors).

Causes of the New Imperialism Continued… Lewis Henry Morgan (1818 – 1881) was an anthropologist and believer of Social Darwinism. He argued that all cultures passed through these stages of development, although some became "stuck" in a stage. Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization Characteristic Civilization (White Europeans) ü Alphabet and writing ü Iron Tools Barbarism ü Pottery ü Bows and arrows ü Animal and plant domestication Savagery ü Hunting and gathering ü Fire “The latest investigations respecting the early condition of the human race are tending to the conclusion that mankind commenced their career at the bottom of the scale and slowly worked their way up from savagery to civilization through the slow accumulations of experimental knowledge. ”

Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899 This famous poem was a response to the American take over of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child…

Causes of the New Imperialism Continued… Technological 1. Europeans had powerful armies and navies 2. Europeans had access to new technologies from the Industrial Revolution such as steamships & the telegraph 3. New medicines such as quinine to fight malaria 4. New weaponry such as machine guns In 1861, Doctor Richard Gatling patented the Gatling Gun, a six-barreled weapon capable of firing 200 rounds per minute.

II The Scramble For Africa

In the mid-1600 s, Dutch farmers (Boers) settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. The Boers built Cape Town as a supply station. In the 1700 s, the Dutch herders and ivory hunters began to move north. The British then acquired Cape Colony in the early 1800 s.

In the early 1800 s in southern Africa, an African leader named Shaka conquered and united tribes to form the Zulu nation. In 1879 the Zulus wiped out a British force at the battle of Isandlwana. Due to superior weaponry of the British overtook the Zulus at the battle of Rorke’s Drift. In 1910, with southern Africa secure, the British established the Republic of South Africa and instituted apartheid.

The Scramble for Africa Continued… A) There had been European possessions in Africa since the 16 th century (mainly connected with the slave trade on the western coast), but these were small areas around trading ports. B) Before 1880 only 10% of Africa was controlled by European Powers: colonies along the coast of West Africa (from the defunct slave trade), settlements in southern Africa by Dutch, English & Portuguese, and Algeria in the north by the French. By 1900 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free of European control. D) 1865 Leopold II became King of Belgium. He set his sights on central Africa and in 1876 sent H. M. Stanley up the Congo to establish trading posts and the beginnings of the Belgian Free Congo State.

Notice that the Europeans deliberately ignored tribal boundaries when creating their colonies. This was done to “divide and conquer”.

Leopold II, King of Belgium “King Leopold II of Belgium was responsible for the deaths and mutilation of 10 million Congolese Africans during the late 1800 s. The wealth of modern day Belgium owes much to the people of the Congo River Basin. In the 1880 s King Leopold II laid personal claim to the largely uncharted Congo Free State. The 905, 000 square miles (76 times larger than Belgium) of African rainforest held a vast fortune in rubber plantations, a commodity in high demand in late 19 th century industrial Europe. ” –Andre C James, 2011 King Leopold II of Belgium

From a Speech by King Leopold II of Belgium delivered in 1883 to Belgium missionaries: "Reverends, Father, and Dear Compatriots: The task that is given to us to fulfill is very delicate and requires much tact. You will go certainly to evangelize [spread your religion], but your evangelization must inspire above all Belgium interests. Your principal objective in our mission in the Congo is never to teach the niggers to know God. . . They speak and submit to a Mungu, one Nzambi, one Nzakomba, and what else I don't know. They know that to kill, to sleep with someone else's wife, to lie and to insult is bad. Have courage to admit it; you are not going to teach them what they know already. Your essential role is to facilitate the task of administrators and industrials, which means you will go to interpret the gospel in the way it will be the best to protect your interests in that part of the world. For these things, you have to keep watch on disinteresting our savages from the richness that is plenty in their underground. ”

The Scramble for Africa Continued… E) 1880 France established a French Protectorate on the north bank of the Congo in direct response to the Belgian Congo on the south bank (hence the division that still stands between the two Congos. ) F) 1882 Britain conquered Egypt. G) 1884 -85 The Berlin Conference met, in which the Western powers divided up Africa. Included Germany (under Bismarck), France, Britain, Germany, Italy, and Spain.

The Scramble for Africa Continued…

Positive Results Negative Results Unified national states created Encouraged tribal wars by creating artificial borders Improved medical care, sanitation & nutrition Created population explosion famine Increased agricultural production Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans Improved transportation & communication Exploited natural resources Expanded educational opportunities Forced westernization Britain France Germany Belgium Home Area (Square Miles) 94, 000 212, 600 210, 000 11, 800 Home Population (Millions) 45. 5 42 67. 5 8. 3 Global Colonial Area (Millions of Sq. Miles) 13. 1 4. 3 1. 1 . 94 Global Colonial Population (Millions) 470 65 13 13

III Imperialism in China This is an 1890 s French political cartoon showing Queen Victoria of Britain, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, French Marianne, and the Meiji Emperor of Japan carving China into spheres of influence.

Imperialism in China Continued… A) In 1644, northern Manchus (from the northeast) conquered China and created the Qing Dynasty. To the Chinese, their country “the Middle Kingdom” had been the cultural center of the universe for 2, 000 years. If foreign states wished to trade with China, they would have to follow Chinese rules; trading only at special ports, paying tribute, and the “kowtow” ritual; they had to kneel in front of the emperor and touch their head to the ground nine times. The Dutch agreed to these terms, importing porcelain “China” porcelain, silk, and tea. By 1800, tea would make up 80 percent of shipments to Europe!

Imperialism in China Continued… B) Great Britain also wanted to trade with China, but did not like China’s trade restrictions. In 1793, King George III sent a letter to the Chinese emperor asking for a better trade arrangement. This was China’s response: “Strange and costly objects do not interest me… As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. ” Kowtow Ritual

Imperialism in China Continued… C) The growing British thirst for tea led to the Opium Wars. By the end of the 18 th century, the UK imported more than 6 tons of Chinese tea annually. In half a century, Britain managed to sell just £ 9 m worth of British goods to the Chinese, in exchange for £ 27 m in Chinese imports. The difference was paid for in silver. D) The British East India Company hit upon a second form of payment that was illegal, yet acceptable to the Chinese traders: opium from British India. The British were paid for the opium in silver, which they then used to buy porcelain and tea.

Opium Poppy fields in Afghanistan have helped fund the terrorist Taliban in recent years. (Above left) A Chinese Opium Den (Above right)

Would You Care for Some Tea? China maintains that China passive aggressively sold the Britain black tea, which to the Chinese, is inferior to green. As black tea goes well with cream, and the cream was necessary to prevent the China cups from cracking, the British developed the luxurious ritual of “high tea”. In the early afternoon, why not relax in beautiful clothes and hats while sipping on black tea with cream, and nibbling on freshly baked scones?

Imperialism in China Continued… E) The Opium Wars (1839 -42): In 1839 the Chinese government ordered the seizure of large quantities of opium from British merchants in the Chinese port of Canton, which was the only part of the country where Europeans were allowed to trade. The outraged merchants lobbied the British government for assistance. *This was a perfect opportunity to increase Britain’s influence in China. A British naval fleet (superior to the Chinese) arrived in June 1840. After a series of military defeats, China agreed to sign humiliating peace terms, later becoming known as the “Unequal Treaties”: China had to pay a large fine to Britain, open up five more ports to foreign trade, give the British a 99 -year lease on the island of Hong Kong, and offer British citizens extraterritoriality (exemption from Chinese laws).

Imperialism in China Continued… F) The second conflict occurred in 1856 when Chinese officers searched a Chinese owned (but British registered) ship and lowered the British flag. In response to this affront, the British dispatched a military expedition, and this time they were joined by the French, . As before, the European powers were too strong for the Chinese. A peace agreement was reached in 1858 but, the following year, China broke off the deal. This led, in 1860, to the arrival of an even larger Anglo-French force, which stormed Beijing. By October, the Chinese had been forced to accept British and French terms that included the right of foreign powers to keep diplomats in Beijing and the legalizing of the opium trade. G) In 1900 a secret society formed called the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists. " (Known as “Boxers” to the West) They believed that the Chinese government was incompetent due to their inability to rid China of foreigners, so their mission was to do it themselves. They attacked foreign and Chinese Christians, and began a rebellion in Beijing. Empress Tz’u-hsi blocked Western advances with her army. In response, the allied westerners sent 19, 000 soldiers and captured Beijing on August 14, 1900. The Boxer Rebellion had failed.

Imperialism in China Continued… Above are captured “Boxers” “Support the Qing, destroy the foreigners” - Slogan of the Boxers

III Imperialism in Japan A) Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch traders engaged in regular trade with Japan in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. Attempts to convert the Japanese to Catholicism and unfair trading practices led Japan to expel most foreigners in 1639. B) The United States became interested in revitalizing contact between Japan and the West in the mid-19 th century because: 1. An American port on the Pacific would ensure steady maritime traffic between North America and Asia. American traders using steam ships needed coaling stations. 2. The American whaling industry had pushed into the North Pacific by the mid-18 th century, and sought safe harbors. 3. Manifest Destiny motivated U. S. expansion across the North American continent also drove American merchants and missionaries to journey across the Pacific. Many Americans believed that they had a special responsibility to modernize and “civilize” the Chinese and Japanese (convert them to Protestantism).

Imperialism in Japan Continued… D) In the 1830 s, the U. S. Navy sent several missions from its base in Guangzhou, China, but in each case, the Japanese did not permit them to land. In 1851, President Millard Fillmore authorized a formal naval expedition to Japan lead by Commodore Matthew Perry with a letter. In 1852 Perry sailed to Edo, and delivered the letter to the Emperor of Japan. But the Japanese emperor was little more than a figurehead! The true leadership of Japan was in the hands of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Perry’s offer was rejected. F) In 1854 Perry returned with 7 ships. On March 31, 1854, Perry coerced Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa which guaranteed that the Japanese would provide fuel for American ships, and opened trade between Japan and the US. The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese isolation. *Japan decided to sign the treaty rather than be forced to do so like the Chinese. G) The American presence weakened the position of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the point that the shogun fell from power. The Emperor gained formal control of the country in the Meiji Restoration of 1868…

President Millard Fillmore’s letter to the Emperor of Japan (presented by Commodore Perry on July 14, 1853) MILLARD FILLMORE, President of the United States of America to his Imperial Majesty, THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN Great and Good Friend! I send you this public letter by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, an officer of the highest rank in the navy of the United States… I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial majesty that I entertain the kindest feelings toward your majesty's person and government, and that I have no other object in sending him to Japan but to propose to your imperial majesty that the United States and Japan should live in friendship and have commercial intercourse with each other… Our steamships can go from California to Japan in eighteen days. Our great State of California produces about sixty millions of dollars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver, precious stones, and many other valuable articles. Japan is also a rich and fertile country, and produces many very valuable articles. Your imperial majesty's subjects are skilled in many of the arts. I am desirous that our two countries should trade with each other, for the benefit both of Japan and the United States. We know that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's government do not allow of foreign trade, except with the Chinese and the Dutch; but as the state of the world changes and new governments are formed, it seems to be wise, from time to time, to make new laws…”

The Meiji Restoration The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan for over 250 years. But there was a fear that the Shogunate were ill equipped to resist the threat of foreign domination. On January 3, 1868, a coup d’état in Kyōto ousted the last Shogun, and proclaimed the Emperor Meiji the true ruler of Japan. The Meiji Restoration spelled the end for feudalism in Japan, and moved the capital from Kyōto to Tokyo. Japan was now opened again to Western trade and influence, and a modernized military. Emperor Meiji

V Imperialism in India A) During 1450 -1750, the Mughal Empire had been weakened due to conflict between the Hindu majority and Muslims. B) In 1600 CE Queen Elizabeth I of England granted a charter to the British East India Company, hoping to break the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade in what is now Indonesia, and push out the French from India. The BEIC was helped by the Sepoys, Indian soldiers employed by the British. Most of India's princely rulers were puppets of the BEIC. If such a prince failed to cooperate with the company, the company could oust him from power using Sepoys. 96% of the company's army of 300, 000 men in India were native to India.

Imperialism in India Continued… B) The British had introduced a new rifle which used rifle cartridges the end of which had to be bitten off before use, and the cartridges were rumored to be greased with oil made from animal fat – the fat of sacred cows being taboo to Hindus and the fat of pigs being repulsive to Muslims. In May 1857 a soldier shot his commander forcing the Indian troops to use the new rifles. This sparked “the Sepoy Rebellion”. Large land-holders in northern India also rose up, since the BEIC had confiscated land redistributed it to the peasantry. Rebels looked to the Mughal Shah, Bahadur Shah Zafar the power that would drive the British from India.

Imperialism in India Continued… C) The British press exaggerated, describing the rebels as tossing British babies into the air and bayoneting them for sport. But there were British women and children taken hostage at Kanpur when the rebels took control of that city, and on July 15, three days before an army under Britain's General Neill retook the city, the rebels slaughtered their hostages and threw the dismembered bodies into a deep well. D) The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 lasted until June of 1858. In August, the Government of India Act of 1858 dissolved the British East India Company. The British government took direct control of the half of India formerly under the company, with British puppet princes in “control” of the other half in exchange for loyalty to the Queen.

Queen Victoria and her Indian Servant Abdul Karim The last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar

Imperialism in India Continued… E) Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. The last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was blamed for the revolt. The British government sent him into exile in Burma. The Indian army also saw huge changes after the revolt. Instead of relying heavily on Bengali troops from the Punjab, the British recruited soldiers from the Gurkhas, as well as Sikhs. F) Historian Arthur Herman writes that the Sepoy Mutiny left "a permanent stamp of race fear in England" and Britain's defeat of the mutiny reinforced the British attitude that they "were born to rule and the Indians to obey. “ http: //www. fsmitha. com/h 38 sep. h tm A man riding an elephant behind a British built rail line.

Why wasn’t Southwest Asia (the middle East) colonized as well? The Ottoman Empire lasted until the end of WWI!

HW Questions • Fill in your Period 5 Chart for the Sepoy Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion, and imperialism in Africa and Asia. 1. Briefly describe the purpose and main actions of the British East India Company. What is your opinion of its actions? 2. Were the effects of imperialism worse in Africa, East Asia, or South Asia? 3. Were there any positive effects of European imperialism or was it all bad? *Justify your answers with historical evidence.

Key Vocabulary Bahadur Shah Zafar Belgian Congo Boxer Rebellion British East India Company Commodore Perry Extraterritoriality Gatling Gun Government of India Act of 1858 Hong King Leopold II Lewis Henry Morgan Malaria Secondary Sources: History. com state. gov/milestones/18301860/opening-to-japan Manifest Destiny Meiji Restoration New Imperialism Opium Wars President Millard Fillmore Queen Victoria Quinine Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden Sepoy Rebellion Social Darwinism Tokugawa Shogunate Treaty of Nanjing Unequal Treaties