AP World History Napoleon Period 5 1750 1900

AP World History: Napoleon Period 5 1750 - 1900 Napoleon was 5’ 6 which was taller than the average Frenchman at the time (5’ 3). Historians believe that the belief Napoleon was short was due to British propaganda.

I Napoleon’s Early Career A) Napoleon Bonaparte was born 1769 on Corsica. Napoleon graduated from a French military academy in 1785. The French Revolution began in 1789. In 1793, following a clash with the nationalist Corsican governor, the Bonaparte family fled Corsica for mainland France. In France, Napoleon became associated with Augustin Robespierre, the brother of revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobin who was a key force behind the Reign of Terror (1793 -1794). After Robespierre & Augustin were guillotined in July 1794, Napoleon was briefly put under house arrest for his ties to the brothers. B) In 1796, Napoleon commanded a French army that defeated the larger armies of Austria in the Italian peninsula, leading to land gains for France.

Future French empress Joséphine de Beauharnais was born on June 23, 1763, in French Martinique (in the Caribbean). Her 1 st husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was executed in the Reign of Terror. THE DAY before her trial (and likely execution), the French government ended the terror. She later wed Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796. Napoleon eventually annuled the marriage when she could not bare him a son. (She was older than him). She died on May 29, 1814, in Malmaison, France.

Napoleon’s Early Career Continued… C) In 1797, the Directory, the 5 person group that had governed France since 1795, suggested Napoleon lead an invasion of England. Napoleon determined that France’s navy not yet ready to go up against the British Royal Navy. Instead, he proposed an invasion of Egypt in an effort to wipe out British trade routes with India. It was a military failure. “On July 1, 1798, Napoleon landed in Egypt with 400 ships and 54, 000 men and proceeded to invade the country… it was a military failure but a cultural success. For, in addition to soldiers and sailors, Napoleon brought along 150 savants — scientists, engineers and scholars whose responsibility was to capture, not Egyptian soil, but Egyptian culture and history. . . Meticulous topographical surveys were made, native animals and plants were studied. . . Most famously, ancient Egypt was discovered — the temples and tombs of Luxor, Philae, Dendera, and the Valley of the Kings. Each of these sites was measured, mapped, and drawn… in 1809, the first volumes of the Description de l'Égypte were published. Oh- and the Rosetta Stone was discovered! But… On August 1, 1798, Admiral Horatio Nelson's fleet decimated his forces in the Battle of the Nile. . . ” – lindahall. org

Battle of the Pyramids by Antoine-Jean Gros

II Napoleon Emperor In November 1799, Napoleon was part of the coup of 18 Brumaire that overthrew the French Directory. The Directory was replaced with a 3 member Consulate, and Napoleon became first consul. In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life. ” In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor of France. As a result, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II proclaimed himself Emperor of Austria and allied with Britain.

Napoleon Bonaparte 19 Brumaire, 11 PM: “When I returned to Paris, I found division in all the Authorities' ranks. They could only agree on one truth, that the Constitution was half destroyed and could not save liberty. All the parties came to me. . . the Council of Ancients… put me in charge of the military force necessary for its independence. . . The Councils met at Saint-Cloud; the republican troops guaranteed their safety outside. But assassins sowed terror inside; several Deputies of the Council of Five Hundred, armed with stilettos and firearms. . . The carefully-laid plans went awry. . . I presented myself to the Council of Five Hundred, alone, unarmed, bare-headed, as the Ancients had received and applauded me; I went there to… assure it of its power… twenty assassins rushed towards me seeking my chest: the Grenadiers of the Legislative Body, whom I had left at the door, ran over, putting themselves in between the assassins and me. . . They thronged around the president, threats on their lips and weapons in their hands; they ordered him to declare me outside the law…”

Napoleon’s Bedroom, Fontainebleau

III The Reign of Napoleon A) From 1803 to 1815, France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a series of major conflicts with various coalitions of European nations. B) In 1803, partly as a means to raise funds for future wars, Napoleon sold France’s Louisiana Territory in North America to the newly independent United States for $15 million (the Louisiana Purchase).

The Reign of Napoleon Continued… C) October 1805, the British wiped out Napoleon’s fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar off the coast of Spain. However, in December 1805, Napoleon achieved one of his greatest victories at the Battle of Austerlitz, in which his army defeated the Austrians and Russians dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine.

“The Plumb Pudding in Danger”

Before Napoleon, Germany was divided into hundreds of independent states and cities. The Confederation of the Rhine, formed in 1806, unified 16 German states who allied with Napoleon. It increased German nationalism, provided a physical barrier along France's eastern borders, and raised more troops.

The Reign of Napoleon I Continued… D) In 1806 Napoleon established the Continental System of blocking European ports from British trade. Napoleon expected that the unfavorable trade balance and loss of precious metals would destroy England's credit, break the Bank of England, and ruin English industry. *Economic Warfare* Britain's response was the 24 Orders in Council, which confined Europe's trade to neutral shipping. Britain controlled and taxed neutral trade with Europe by making all vessels proceed via British ports. n March 1807, Napoleon issued the Milan Decrees, which ordered that all ships touching British ports before sailing into French territorial waters were to be confiscated. This meant that any country obeying Britain's Orders in Council were punished by the French. Neutral countries, the most important of which was America, had to risk detention by the Royal Navy or confiscation in Napoleon's ports. The Continental System did financially hurt Britain, but it also hurt France. French custom' revenue fell and European nations had limited access to British colonial goods: coffee, sugar, tobacco, cocoa, and cotton. Replacement items such as sugar beet and linen were not tolerated. The British blockade of European ports and the scarcity of goods created a rise in European nationalism.

The Reign of Napoleon I Continued… E) Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy (eliminated in the French Revolution) and handed out titles of nobility to his friends and family. F) Social Reforms: 1. Napoleon established the Banque de France in 1800 2. The Concordat of 1801 reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France. 3. Lycées (schools) were created in 1801, and divided into three types : classical studies, modern studies, and scientific-technological studies. 4. The Code Napoleon of 1803 reformed the French legal code to reflect the principles of the French Revolution, and to create one law code for France. It divided civil law into: üPersonal status. üProperty. üThe acquisition of property.

Napoleon’s Family Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain Louise Bonaparte King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples

III The Downfall of Napoleon A) In 1810, Russia withdrew from the Continental System. In retaliation, Napoleon led a massive army into Russia in the summer of 1812. The Russians retreated whenever Napoleon’s forces attempted to attack. Napoleon’s troops trekked deeper into Russia despite being ill-prepared. Napoleon’s forces marched on to Moscow, only to discover it was evacuated. Retreating Russians set fires across the city. After waiting a month for a surrender that never came, Napoleon was forced to order his starving, exhausted army out of Moscow. Of Napoleon’s 600, 000 troops who began the campaign, only an estimated 100, 000 made it out of Russia.

Napoleon Gets His Butt Kicked In Russia!

The Downfall of Napoleon Continued… B) At the same time as the Russian invasion, France was forced out of Iberia as a result of the Peninsular War (1808 -1814). In 1813 Napoleon was again defeated at the Battle of Leipzig by a coalition of Austrian, Prussian, Russian and Swedish troops. Napoleon retreated to France, and in March 1814 coalition forces captured Paris. C) On April 6, 1814, Napoleon was forced to abdicate throne. With the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he was exiled to Elba, an island off the coast of Italy, while his wife and son went to Austria.

The Downfall of Napoleon Continued… D) On February 26, 1815, after less than a year in exile, Napoleon escaped Elba and sailed to France with more than 1, 000 supporters. On March 20, he returned to Paris, where he was welcomed by cheering crowds. The new king, Louis XVIII (1755 -1824), fled, and Napoleon began his Hundred Days campaign. A coalition of allies–the Austrians, British, Prussians prepared for war. In June 1815, Napoleon’s newly raised army invaded Belgium, where British and Prussian troops were stationed. On June 18, at the Battle of Waterloo , the French were crushed. On June 22, 1815, Napoleon was once again forced to abdicate. In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the British island of Saint Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. He died there on May 5, 1821, at age 51, most likely from stomach cancer. In 1840, his remains were returned to France and entombed in a crypt at Les Invalides in Paris.

IV Congress of Vienna A) The Congress of Vienna began Sept 1814, five months after Napoleon I’s first abdication and finished June 1815, shortly before the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. B) Results: 1. Nations and rulers were "punished" or "rewarded" according to the part that they played in the Napoleonic Wars. France was surrounded with buffer states. The various German states were loosely joined in the German Confederation under the leadership of Austria. 2. All states of Europe were invited to sign. No war between any of the great powers occurred for the next 40 years, until the Crimean War. 3. Freedom of navigation on major European waterways. 4. Congress System: A system where the great powers would meet to discuss outstanding issues, reach a consensus, and then impose their collective will on the rest of Europe. [*This set a precedent for the future League of Nations and current UN Security Council*] 5. Opposed religious intolerance and included specific measures to protect the rights of German Jews. A general declaration against the slave trade was issued.

Metternich Many late 19 th-century Europeans detested [Metternich] as a foe of freedom… who tried to prevent the unification of the powerful nations of Germany and Italy. Yet Europeans in the late 20 th century… tend to see him as a perceptive visionary… In 1810, Napoleon had been master of much of Europe, and Austria had been a virtual puppet of French foreign policy; five years later, Metternich had become a key leader in the coalition of countries which defeated the French emperor twice… When the victorious countries agreed to hold a diplomatic conference at Vienna, Metternich saw it as a personal triumph… if all the great powers acted together or in "concert, " they would be able to prevent the outbreak of any large European war like the Napoleonic Wars. Together with the British representative, Castlereagh, Metternich successfully worked to create a permanent alliance among the victors, envisioning grouped power that would "balance out" the ambitious or aggressive actions of any one country on the Continent. Although the Quadruple Alliance halted only a few revolutions, and Metternich was disappointed when Britain left the alliance in 1822. . . no overall European war on the scale of the Napoleonic Wars occurred until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. http: //biography. yourdictionary. com/klemens-von-metternich

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Above is the Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna, where the Congress of Vienna was held. Ludwig van Beethoven conducted a performance at the Congress!

A member of the Austrian Habsburg royal family, Marie Louise (1791 – 1847) married Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and became the mother of his son, Napoleon II. When Napoleon abdicated as emperor, Marie did not join him in exile, instead taking control of the duchies of Parma, Piacena and Guastalla.

V The Haitian Revolution “I was born a slave, but nature gave me a soul of a free man…. ” A) Prior to its independence, Haiti was a French colony “St. Domingue”. African slaves grew sugar cane and coffee. Following the French Revolution, the slaves took advantage of the political turmoil and began the Haitian Revolution Augt 22, 1791. They feared the French planters would not grant them citizenship as decreed by the "Declaration of the Rights of Man. " B) 1794 France officially abolished slavery in its colonies. Toussaint L'Ouverture, the leader of the rebellion, abandoned his Spanish allies and joined the forces of the French Republic. 1797 Toussaint was made commander-in-chief of the island by the French Convention. Following the defeat of the Spanish and British, Toussaint became governor for life. St. Domingue was technically a French colony, but was acting as an independent state. C) In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte sought to restore slavery to the West Indies. Toussaint was exiled, but the fighting continued under Jean Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe. On January 1, 1804, Dessalines proclaimed himself ruler of the new nation of Haiti, a "higher place. “

“…Toussaint L’Ouverture was a former slave who rose to become the leader of the only successful slave revolt in modern history, the Haitian Revolution. Born into slavery May 20, 1743 in Saint Dominque, L’Ouverture was the eldest son of Gaou Guinon, an African prince who was captured by slavers. His godfather Simon Baptiste taught him to read and write. Bayon de Libertad, the manager of the Breda plantation on which L’Ouverture was born, allowed him access to his library. By the time he was twenty, L’Ouverture spoke French, Creole, and some Latin. . . L’Ouverture had secured his freedom from de Libertad… The events of August 22, 1791, the “Night of Fire” in which slaves revolted by setting fire to plantation houses and fields and killing whites, convinced the 48 -year-old L’Ouverture that he should join the growing insurgency, although not before securing the safety of his wife and children. . . Although he was free, L’Ouverture joined the slave insurgency and developed a reputation as a capable soldier and then as military secretary to Georges Biassou, one of the insurgency’s leaders. When the insurgency’s leadership chose to ally itself with Spain against France, L’Ouverture followed. Following France’s decision to emancipate the slaves, L’Ouverture allied with France against Spain, and from 1794 to 1802, he was the dominant political and military leader in the French colony. Operating under the self-assumed title of General-in-Chief of the Army, L’Ouverture led the French in ousting the British and then in capturing the Spanish controlled half of the island. By 1801, although Saint Dominque remained ostensibly a French colony, L’Ouverture was ruling it as an independent state. He drafted a constitution in which he reiterated the 1794 abolition of slavery and appointed himself governor for “the rest of his glorious life. ” In 1802 Napoleon dispatched his brother-in-law, Charles Leclerc, to capture L’Ouverture and return the island to slavery under French control. Captured and imprisoned in France, L’Ouverture died of pneumonia on April 7, 1803. Independence for Saint Dominque would follow one year later under the leadership of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, one of L’Ouverture’s generals. ” Mc. Nally, Deborah. University of Washington. 2017

On left: Earthquake 2010. On right: Rebuilt Market, Port au Prince

HW Questions 1. How did Napoleon become dictator of France? Describe the key events that led to his power claim. 2. In your opinion, what were two of Napoleon’s greatest victories? Explain your answer. 3. How did Napoleon’s empire crumble? Could he have prevented it? 4. Do you think Napoleon’s reign was positive or negative for France? How did Europe change after the Congress of Vienna? Was it for the better or worse? Fill in your period 5 chart for Napoleon and the Haitian Revolution.

Key Vocabulary 100 Days Campaign Augustin Robespierre Banque de France Battle at Trafalgar Battle of Austerlitz Battle of Leipzig Battle of the Nile Battle of the Pyramids Battle of Waterloo Code Napoleon Concordat of 1801 Confederation of the Rhine Congress of Vienna Corsica coup of 18 Brumaire Directory Elba Emperor Jacques I First Consul General Dessalines Haitian Revolution Jean-Jacques Dessalines King Louis XVIII Louisiana Purchase Lycees Maximilien Robespierre Metternich Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleonic Wars Peninsular War Rosetta Stone Saint-Domingue St. Helena Toussaint-Louverture Treaty of Campo Formio Treaty of Fontainebleau