AP U S History Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny

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AP U. S. History Manifest Destiny

AP U. S. History Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny Defined • John L. O’Sullivan, 1845 – An American columnist and editor

Manifest Destiny Defined • John L. O’Sullivan, 1845 – An American columnist and editor who used the term “manifest destiny” in 1845 to promote the annexation of Texas and the Oregon Country to the United States. – Simply defined it means the US has a God given right to the lands between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. • Based upon territorial gain – “Realpolitik”* : a system of politics or principles based on pursuing your own self interests. • S. E. —Tribal Removal; Five Civilized Tribes; because we could. • S. W. —Annexation/Conquest; because we could. • N. W. —Diplomacy/Negotiation; did not want another war with the British.

“The Four Frontiers” • From the Mountain Men to the Overland Trails – Fur

“The Four Frontiers” • From the Mountain Men to the Overland Trails – Fur trade for mountain men – Overland Trails used for movement of people west to establish permanent settlements • Agricultural – Community oriented, focused on long-term development and commitment

“The Four Frontiers” • Mining – Individualist, extractive, and short-term “boom towns”; eventually replaced

“The Four Frontiers” • Mining – Individualist, extractive, and short-term “boom towns”; eventually replaced by corporations • Mormonism – Communalist, theocratic, and searching for a New Zion; their “City on A Hill”. – Made the desert bloom. Moved to land nobody wanted and was isolated. • Creeping urbanization (1850 -1870) – Towns established as trade centers, not for industrialization. Santa Fe, Salt Lake City and towns on the west coast.

Texas • Empresario System; Stephen Austin – Land agents who aided the settlement of

Texas • Empresario System; Stephen Austin – Land agents who aided the settlement of Texas. Each empresario agreed to settle a specific number of Catholic families on a defined land grant within six years. • People who came were from the East and brought the mono-crop culture with them. • By 1830 there were 20, 000 Americans, 5, 000 slaves and only 4, 000 Mexican nationals. Almost all are protestant.

Texas – Cultural and religious frictions • Retain slavery • Retain Protestant religions •

Texas – Cultural and religious frictions • Retain slavery • Retain Protestant religions • Revolt (1835) and Independence (1836) – Texas wins independence and immediately turns to the US and asked to be annexed. Jackson said no because it would throw off the balance of power between free and slave states in the Senate. • Lone Star Republic (1835 -1844) – Texas exists as a free and independent country for 9 years.

The Oregon Question • Competing claims • Election of 1844 – A referendum on

The Oregon Question • Competing claims • Election of 1844 – A referendum on Manifest Destiny – “ 54 -40 or Fight” vs. 49 th parallel – British and the US compromise and extend the boundary westward along the 49 th parallel to the Pacific Ocean.

James K. Polk & Mexican War • Slidell Mission and Mexican antagonism – James

James K. Polk & Mexican War • Slidell Mission and Mexican antagonism – James Slidell was sent to Mexico by President James K. Polk in November 1845 to secure a boundary adjustment between the United States and Mexico. • Nueces and Rio Grande Boundary Question – Mexico said Nueces River was border and US said Rio Grande was border. – April 24, 1846 • Fighting began on April 24, 1846 when Mexican cavalry captured one of the American detachments near the Rio Grande. – Whigs and The Spot Resolutions • The resolutions requested President James K. Polk to provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil, as Polk had claimed in 1846 when asking Congress to declare war on Mexico.

James K. Polk & Mexican War • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) – Mexican Cession

James K. Polk & Mexican War • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) – Mexican Cession – The Wilmot Proviso and “Slave Power Conspiracy” • Ostend Manifesto (1852) – A document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U. S. should declare war if Spain refused. • Gadsden Purchase (1853) – an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29, 670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.