AP REVIEW SESSION 2 World Regions Regions vs

AP REVIEW SESSION #2 • World Regions– Regions vs. Countries • The Big Picture! • 600 -1450

Ø Regional Geography: East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, etc. Ø Regions are NOT countries! Ø “Africa” is a continent, as is “Europe. ” Can these be divided (regionally speaking) further? Ø When asked to discuss regions (you will be asked to do this!), be sure you understand where the regions exist on your “mental map” Ø Be able to identify countries/civilizations that exist w/in those regions during the time periods specified. This is key to successful essay writing!!!

The Big Picture: 600 -1450 1. Culture areas vs. States– how should you approach history? 2. Change in society– why did people move around, impact of that movement. Think: internal vs. external pressures 3. Economy and trade: similarities b/t societies/cultures. Monetary systems, trade routes, trade practices

The Islamic World (ch. 8) • From Sasanid to Muhammad • 610 - the “Night of Power and Excellence” • Mecca to Medina, back to Mecca • Muhammad dies 632: who follows? • Abu Bakr: caliph, Islamic empire (growth of empire=growth of Islam) Umayyad Dynasty (to 750): capital @ Damascus; Mecca spiritual ctr; Arabic; gold/silver coins official $ unit; conversions of conquered or taxes • Expansion & Conflict: Byzantines, Europe (Iberian peninsula & Sicily) • Succession? ? Shia- Ali (M’s son-in law) rightful heir Sunni- caliphs ok, leaders from the people Abbasid Dynasty (750 -1258): capital @ Baghdad; golden age for arts and sciences; • Trade: merchant system of credit; medicine & math; steel for sword • Society: translate classics of Athens and Rome to Arabic • Religion: conversions hastened by Sufis (Islamic mystics) who encouraged adaptation of Islam to local customs Muslims not taxed = best interests to convert!

http: //www. hyperhistory. com/online _n 2/History_n 2/a. html

Women and the Fall of Islamic Empire Women: Koran said equal before Allah • Subservient to men • Dowry returned if divorced • Veiled in public • Testimony only have worth as men • Primary role in the home; protected/respected under Koran Fall of Empire: blame it on the Mongols! 1258 Baghdad sacked

EUROPE AND THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (ch. 9) 395 CE: Rome split east/west • East: Byzantine Empire • West: Dark Ages a. k. a. Middle Ages (period after fall and before Renaissance) Byzantine Empire: • Greek; eastern cultures; Orthodox Christianity; capital @ Constantinople • Trade and arts: at a crossroads; coins, major construction of buildings/churches; mosaics to decorate churches • Justinian Code (r. 527 -565): Roman legal principles • Secular rulers headed the church; 1054 official split w/ Roman Catholic Church in West

Religion and Kievan Russia (ch. 9) Orthodox Christianity localized: services in local language • Political emperors in control of both politics and church • Secular empire Russia: 980 Vladimir, Kievan Prince, converted to Orthodox Christianity • Russian Orthodox church aligned w/ Byzantine traditions, not Roman Cath. Church

Western Europe: Fall of Rome, Rise of the Franks and Feudalism (ch. 9) Fall of Rome: invasions by Germanic tribes; settled in W. Eur; converted to Christianity Franks: King Clovis Charles Martel (stopped spread of Islam @ Battle of Tours 732) Pepin (Carolingian Dynasty) Charlemagne (crowned by the Pope) Franks built kingdom, not empire; Charlemagne’s empire a. k. a. Holy Roman Empire (northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, France) Politics/Society: Charlemagne overall control, but local lords had local power Rise of Church influence: W. Eur still invaded by Vikings, invaders converted; Christianity institutionalized at every level of society Middle of Middle Ages, Roman Catholic Church most powerful institution in W. Eur, world.

Empires in Eastern & Western Europe; Southwest Asia

European Feudalism (ch. 9) Feudalism: soc, ec, pol system during M. Ages w/ strict hierarchy • Lord & peasants on manor; Lord in charge of own manor • Fulfill obligations to lords above and vassals below– this deal made it work! • Male-dominated; women powerless • Primogeniture • Peasants became skilled workers • Manors self-sufficient • What happens to trade? ? ? KING | NOBLES Granted land (fiefs) for military service and loyalty to king Knights considered part of nobility | VASSALS Lesser lords; had subordinate vassals, too. | PEASANTS (SERFS) Worked land for lord, who gave shelter and protection

Western Europe Revival 1000 -1200 (ch. 9, 14) • Note: during Middle Ages as W. Eur declined then slowly reengaged w/ world, what was happening in Southwest Asia and Islamic empires? • Skilled peasants, growth of towns led to increased trade; middle class, manor system not as rigid • Towns/Cities formed alliances (Hanseatic League) • Art: Gothic Cathedrals • Crusades: take the Holy Land, convert; contact w/ Southwest Asia & old Greek/Roman texts (Renaissance) • Universities • Scholasticism • Pope Innocent III • Inquisition • Thomas Acquinas

Nation-States of Europe (ch. 14) Organization of W. Eur by feudal kingdoms; end of Middle Ages by cultural/linguistic ties Germany and Italy: decentralized; strong independent townships & kingdoms (city-states); merchants/tradespeople gained power England: united quickly; monarchy limited by Magna Carta, 1215; Parliament established France: Hundred Years War 1337 -1453 - French nationalism b/c of Eng. occupation of Fr. territory Joan of Arc: rally French, kicked out Eng Result of 100 Yrs War: royal power in Fr. centralized Spain: Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand united various kingdoms of Spain into single monarchy Spanish nationalism led to Spanish Inquisition Iberian unification Russia: Eastern Orthodox; Mongols conquered in 1242 Late 1400 s: Ivan III expands Muscovy, declared czar; Moscow became center of Eastern Orthodox Church

CHINA (ch. 10, 12) • Tang (618 -907) Song Dynasty (960 -1271) • Art, architecture, literature (Tang poetry) • Printing in China- spread of literature to Korea and Japan • Stability from civil service exam system • Meritocracy; Confucian principles; core of educated loyal gov’t workers • Money and credit system • Song: gunpowder, junks, steel, Champa rice • Population growth, expansion of urban ctrs, increased trade/cultural diffusion

THE CHINESE DYNASTY SONG (Tune ---- Frère Jacques / Are You Sleeping / Where is Thumbkin. ) Shang Zhou (“Joe”) Qin (“chin”) Han (Repeat) ( ---------- 400 years of Disunity ---------) Sui (“sway” without “w”) Tang Song (Repeat) Yuan ------ Mongol Ming Qing (“ching”) ----Manchu Republic ---- Republic of China (Repeat) Mao Zedong -----People’s Republic of China / Communist China (Repeat)

Women and Religion in China Women: Women Wu Zhao, first empress of Tang China • Patriarchal society, women considered inferior • Women seen as worth protecting • Foot-binding Religion: • Buddhism had greatest impact, mass appeal • Confucians and Daoists saw Buddhism as threat; Buddhists persecuted in mid 800 s (Tang) and influence decreased

Japan (ch. 10, 12) • Yamato clan first ruling family • 500 s: Buddhism from China; Chinese culture • Noble classes hereditary (no civil service exams); Birth more important than outside influences or education • 794 Fujiwara Family: capital @ Heian; power spread to noble families by 1100 s

Feudalism in Japan Developed same time as Western Europe 1185 Kamakura Shogunate Code of Bushido: samurai, strict code of conduct; loyalty, honor, courage Feudal arrangement based on group loyalty and identity Japan: Shogun (chosen by emperor) | Daimyo (huge landowners & samurai) | Vassals | Peasants/artisans Europe: KING | NOBLES Granted land (fiefs) for military service and loyalty to king Knights considered part of nobility | VASSALS Lesser lords; had subordinate vassals, too. | PEASANTS (SERFS) Worked land for lord, who gave shelter and protection

THE MONGOLS (ch. 12) • Genghis Khan: universal ruler, transcend all cultures and religions • 1200 s- Mongol conquests: superior horse skills, bows, cavalry, discipline; China, Russia, Persia • Pacific Ocean to Mediterranean; largest empire • Pax Mongolica; not a “cultural” civilization, rather one of territory • Mongols were illiterate, arts & sciences not created in Mongol empires; they did promote diffusion of other cultures through trade/contact • Major consequences of Mongol rule: Russia lagged behind W. Europe; growth of world trade, cultural diffusion grew • By 1450 Mongols declining (1368 Ming China) but global connections maintained

Hulegu: Il-Khan Iran Khublai Khan: Yuan China

AFRICA (ch. 13) • 200 CE: Kush empire south of Egypt • Axum (Ethiopia): 300 s conversion to Christianity; 600 s Islam • Both empires had contact w/ other cultures through trade Sub-Saharan Africa: caravans south to Ghana (800 -1000 CE), Mali (1200 -1450) GOLD!!! Ghana ultimately defeated by Islamic forces Mansa Musa: Mali ruler; capital @ Timbuktu; 1307 pilgrimmage to Mecca; Songhai: 1450 s, Timbuktu major cultural center, Islamic scholars Arts in Africa: oral literature; sculptures

THE AMERICAS (ch. 11) Maya: 300 -800 CE southern Mexico, parts of Cent. America • Calendar system, zero • Agricultural, polytheistic, religious warfare Aztec: mid 1200 s-1500 Mexico, capital @ Tenochtitlan; expansionist, strong army; empire of 12 million • Roads, trade; military to obtain victims for human sacrifice • Women in household and crafts • Allowed people in distant areas to govern selves if paid tribute Inca: 1000 CE-1520 s capital @ Cuzco; bureaucracy, unified language, roads • Human labor, military expansionist • Peasants gave harvests to ruling classes, surplus led to growth of cities • Polytheistic, human sacrifice; temples • No writing system

Aztec and Old Maya Civilizations

Inca Civilization

Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion ü 600 -1450 world tied together through trade ü Boats, roads, monetary systems/credit, accounting methods all helped trade and business Indian Ocean Trade: Trade dominated by Persians and Arabs; dhows and monsoons; Islam the common denominator, intermixing of cultures Silk Road: Road 1200 -1600 heavy use; even w/ collapse of Mongols, trade still went on! ü Silk, spices, porcelain, paper, military tech, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, food, disease ü Global Trade: not controlled by one force, group, empire 600 -1450: 600 -1450 expansion of religion and empires; isolationism of Eur and Japan

The Crusades (ch. 9) & Movement of Peoples Ø 1096 Pope Urban calls First Crusade to conquer Holy Land from Muslims (Seljuk Turks) Ø 1204: Constantinople sacked Impact: Impact violence and mistrust b/t Christianity and Islam Ø Relig/Pol/Econ motives; violence; interaction b/t cultures– Europe rediscovered Greek and Roman texts Populations: growth led to bigger cities, spread; cities as centers of empire; pilgrimmages

MAJOR COMPARISONS: 600 -1450 • Japanese and European Feudalism • Political and Social institutions in both eastern and western Europe • Compare the role and funtion of cities in major societies • Compare Islam and Christianity • Gender systems and changes ie; impact of Islam • Compare Aztec and Inca empire • Compare European and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic World