AP Psych Class Announcements Pass back all papers

AP Psych Class Announcements: Pass back all papers Quiz: Ian, Kyle, Hannah, Sophie, Malea, Krystina, Victoria, Justice, Dove, Cierra, Aim: to explain Freud’s theory of personality Do NOW: Witty Ticcy Ray Matching Review HW: Study for ch 13 test!!!!!!! Practice questions Bring notecards

Personality A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality • Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Won our mind!!!! What’s on our minds!!! • Idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body. Sigmund Freud

Our Personality • Conscious- things we are aware of. • Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. • Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.

Freud’s Concept of Personality (Psyche) • Freud believed that our personality arises from the conflict b/t impulse and restraint: • He proposed 3 interacting systems: – Ego – Superego – Id

Id • Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it). • Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. • Works on the Pleasure Principle • Avoid Pain and receive Instant Gratification.

Ego • Develops after the Id • Works on the Reality Principle • Negotiates between the Id and the super ego. • Develops most rational, safest ideas.

The Ego moderates between the Id and the Superego.

Superego • Develops last at about the age of 5 • It is our conscience • • Works off the Moral principle

Which is it? Id, Ego, Superego? Running a red light is not safe Running a red light is unlawful I want that dress even if its expensive If I drive the speed limit, I’ll save gas and not feel rushed. • I better leave the house before I say something I’ll regret. • I just want to sleep in and come to school late. • •

Defense Mechanisms • The ego has a pretty important job…and that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in our unconscious. • Their role is to reduce anxiety. • You are usually unaware that they are even occurring.

Scenario Quarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the chess club. Drew Brandon Jasmine

Repression • Pushing thoughts into our unconscious. Forgetting • When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who? , I have not thought about her for awhile. ”

Denial • Not accepting something that is upsetting • Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.

Displacement • Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object. • Taking it out on another. Brandon may take his anger on another kid by bullying.

Projection • Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself. • Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him.

Reaction Formation • Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. • Brandon claims he hates Jasmine.

Regression • Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior. • Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stiffed animal, Gravy.

• Rationalization Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome. • Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend. “Jasmine was not all that anyway!” • I really did want to go to ……. . anyway, it was too ……

Sublimation • Channeling one’s behavior toward a more socially acceptable goal. • Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and writing songs • An aggressive person goes out for football

E. g. , a child who is molested, may suppress the traumatic event so that he/she has no memory for the event.

You steal and say, “Well, I spend a lot of money at this store!”

Ex: Soldiers crying for “mommy” Ex: Fighting couples acting immature.

E. g. , After being grilled by your boss, you go home & yell at your partner or the dog/cat. Peeing on the teacher’s car.

E. g. , Your partner tells you how selfish you are, when they are in fact selfish.

E. g. , A person who doubts his faith may act like a religious zealot to defend his religion.

E. g. , you hear a friend has died & won’t believe it’s true. “I don’t have drinking problem”

E. g. , Aggressive impulses are transformed into the urge to engage in competitive sports.

• • • Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him, convinced that they are all homosexuals attempting to seduce him. Should it be the case that Hal is himself a latent homosexual fearful of admitting this even to himself, we might conclude that he is using the defense mechanisms of repression and A. reaction formation B. projection C. displacement D. regression E. denial

• • • A man who has numerous reasons to hate his mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic amounts of attention and love. He is probably exhibiting the defense mechanism of A. regression B. identification C. reaction formation D. displacement E. projection

• • • When parents refuse to accept several psychologists’ diagnosis of a child’s mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms? A. Denial B. Displacement C. Projection D. Rationalization E. Regression

Freud’s psychosexual stages • • • Oral (0 -1) Anal (2 -3) Phallic (4 -5) Latency (6 -12) Genital (puberty and older) Each stage has a pleasure center – center for libidnal (sexual) energy

Oral Stage

Oral Stage • The pleasure center is the mouth. Freud said the pleasure center moves around the body as we develop. • Freud said if we are not gratified at this stage we will be fixated at this stage. • Adults who are fixated at this stage like to do things with mouth for pleasure (smoking, eating, chew gum, bite nails, other things. )

What is a result of being fixated at the oral stage? • • • A. overeating B. biting sarcasm C. pessimistic and hostile D. passive E. submissive (child-like – dependency)

Anal Stage

Anal stage Personality traits from fixation? • Anal retentive are overly-neat , organized, stingy • Anal repulsive are overly messy and irresponsible.

Phallic stage • Genitals are the pleasure zone. • Oedipal complex – boys have erotically tinged preference for their mother – compete with their father for mother’s attention

Personality traits from Phallic fixation: • • • Vanity Egotism Low self-esteem Shyness Avoidance of heterosexual relationships • For girls: flirtatious, promiscuous • For boys: sexual prowess and mistreatment of women

Phallic Stage con’t…Oedipus Complex • Identification: hopefully boys begin to identify with dad “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em. ” • p. s. Freud said guys who brag about sexual exploits are fixated in this stage

Phallic stage cont. . . Electra Complex • Electra complex (girls’ equivalent to Oedipus) • Also said that. . . Girls have penis envy and blame and resent their mothers for their anatomical deficiency.

• Latency • The latency period “the cooties stage” begins sometime around the age of six and ends when puberty starts to begin. • Latency – sexuality is hidden (latency = hidden) Children in same sex groups. Boys hang with father. Girls with mother.

Genital stage (puberty ++) • Libidinal energy is not focused on your own genitals (like in the phallic stage) but on other people’s genitals. • Fixation in earlier stages will hinder this stage.

Psychosexual stages Review • List the psychosexual states in their order • What is the name of the process where a child incorporates a parent’s values or ideals?

Psychoanalysis Today • Couch sitting • Transference is likely to happen. • The idea is to delve into your unconscious. • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=qb. S 2 N 88 pa. Ts&NR=1

Getting into the Unconscious • Hypnosis • Dream Interpretation • Free Association (having them just randomly talk to themselves interpreting the conversation). • http: //www. youtube. com/ watch? v=B 94 Azi. I 04 lk&fea ture=related • Freudian Slips • Projective Tests (and test that delves into the unconscious). • Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests.

Projective Test: TAT Test (Thematic Apperception Test) • Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several meanings) and ask them what is occurring. • Their answers reveal the manifest content. • They can then discover the Latent (hidden) Content in their subconscious.

Projective test: Rorschach Inkblot Test • The most widely used projective test • A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=bd 2 B 6 Sj. Mh_w

R U crazy? ? • http: //www. your 3 dsource. com/are-you-crazyinkblot-test. html

Criticisms of the Inkblot • There is no universally accepted system for scoring and interpreting them • Low reliability (consistency of results) • Low validity (predicting what it’s supposed to predict

Review: • List all the techniques you can recall that are used by Psychoanalysis

Criticisms of Freud • He really only studied wealthy woman in Austria. • His results are not empirically verifiable (really hard to test). • No predictive power. • Karen Horney said he was sexist with the “penis envy” and there is an actual “womb envy”.

Neo-Freudians Psychodynamic Theories • These broke away from Freud • Who was Carl Jung? He was a psychoanalyst who disagreed with Freud. Were friends, but Carl broke away. • There are 2 things you need to know about him.

Neo Freudian: Carl Jung • 1. We all have a collective unconscious: a shared/inherited well of memory traces from our ancestors.

Carl Jung con’t • 2. Archetypes: themes that reflect the universal experiences of humans • Ex: young hero, fertile nuturing mother, wise old man • This are revealed in literature

Alfred Adler • What do you feel inferior about? • What do you compensate or try to make up for?

Neo Freudian: Alfred Adler • Childhood is important to personality. • Our behavior is driven by our efforts to conquer inferiority and feel superior. • Inferiority Complex • Coined term compensation • First to study birth order

Neo Freudian: Karen Horney (i) • Disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on sex, especially about women having “penis envy”

Other Personality theories:

Humanistic Psychology • In the 1960’s people became sick of Freud’s negativity • Along came psychologists wanted to focus on “healthy” people and how to help them strive to “be all that they can be”.

Humanistic Theory of Personality • Rejects Determinism (your past determines your future). • They believe that humans have free will (our ability to choose your own destiny). • We are innately good and as long as our selfesteem and selfconcept are positive we will be happy.

Abraham Maslow’s Self Actualizing Person • Hierarchy of Needs • Ultimately we seek self- actualization (the process of fulfilling our potential). We are like trees

Who did Maslow study?

Self-Actualized People • • They are self aware and self accepting Open and spontaneous Not paralyzed by others’ opinions. They are secure in who they are. • Freud studied the ill, Humanists studied the well.

Other Humanists: Carl Rogers • We need three things to • 3. empathy- people to be our best: listen to each other w/o judgement • 1. genuineness- we must be open and honest with our feelings • 2. acceptance- all need unconditional positive regard: to be loved no matter what

Real vs. Ideal self • Rogers said that if we have a low self-concept it’s b/c in our own eyes, we fall short of our “ideal self” which in turn causes dissatisfaction and unhappiness

High vs. Low self-esteem High -Sleep better -Conform less to peer pressure -More persistent on tasks -Happier Low -Experience more depression, anxiety -thin-skinned (get feelings hurt easily) -judgmental of others

Criticisms of the Humanistics • The concepts are vague and subjective • It encourages selfishness • Fails to understand the reality of man’s evil human nature

According to Rogers, troublesome anxiety is caused by a. b. c. d. Unresolved sexual conflicts Unconditional love Threats to our self-concept The use of defense mechanisms

Social-Cognitive Theories on Personality • Focus on how we interact with our culture and environment • Albert Bandura is back!!! • Reciprocal Determinism (traits, environment and behavior all interact and influence each other. )

Social-Cognitive Theory: Internal vs. External locus of control • Internal Locus of Control - one feels that they have control over their own life and future • Internals achieve more and are less depressed

External Locus of Control • External Locus of Control (“I can’t change things to make it better” or “the system is rigged”) can lead to a state of learned helplessness “I give up. There is no hope” • Develop a passive resignation •

Trait Theorists: What do they assume about your personality? ? ? • Your personality doesn’t change (stable) much over time • Your personality traits are relatively stable across situations (no matter what the situation, you will be the same each time) • Personality tests accurately depict your personality

What is the trait approach to personality? • A trait: The typical way a person perceives, feels, believes or acts. • Example: introverted, thinker, feeler, uptight • The trait approach says a personality is the sum of all the traits. • Problem: traits are situational, not permanent. • http: //www. personalityquiz. net/foodtests/ic ecream. htm

1. How do you most like your eggs? Boiled, fried, scrambled, omelet, poached 2. If you could purchase a car, which color of these colors would you choose? Red, green, blue, silver, black

Boiled egg lovers -are more disorganized and more likely to get divorced. Fried egg fans - have the highest sex drive Poached-egg eaters- are outgoing and happy scrambled devoted and enthusiastic but guarded omelet lovers -are self-disciplined study of 1, 100 people funded by the British Egg Industry Council and published by Mindlab International red cars- are more aggressive and reckless green cars -have the most positive outlook on life dark blue or silver-car -owners are upbeat black- lack self-confidence. Why? A growing body of research shows certain visual cues--such as colors--are tied to emotional and behavioral cues in your brain. These cues can influence the colors you find appealing depending on your personality type, according to a University of Cambridge study.

Trait Theories of Personality • They believe that we can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits). • Traits like honestly, laziness, ambition, outgoing are thought to be stable over the course of your lives.

Trait theorists You MUST know: • Gordon Allport-created first personality test • Costa and Mc. Rae- (The Big 5) • Hans Eyesnck- (2 dimension test) • Raymond Cattell- (16 Factor test) • William Sheldon- body type

The Big Five Test. BIG FIVE personality traits: 1. Extraversion 2. Agreeableness 3. Conscientiousness 4. Openness to experience 5. Emotional Stability (Neurotism) Factor Analysis is used to see the clusters and score these tests.

Big 5: Openness to experiences • Artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, orginial, wide interests, intellectual interests • Down to earth- imaginative • Conventional-original • Uncreative-creative

Big 5: Conscientiousness • Efficient, organized, planful, reliable, thorough, dependable, ethical, productive • Negligent-conscientious • Lazy-hardworking • Late-punctual

Big 5: Extraversion • Active, assertive, energetic, outgoing, talkative, expressive, use gestures, friendly • Extroverts seek stimulation b/c brain has low arousal. Shy people have an overactive CNS and become drained from being with people.

Big 5: Agreeableness • Appreciative, forgiving, generous, kind, trusting, warm, noncritical, compassionate, considerate, straightforward • suspicious--trusting • Irritable--good-natured • Ruthless--soft-hearted

Big 5: Neuroticism • Anxious, self-pitying, tense, emotionally unstable, sensitive, impulsive, vulnerable, worrying • Calm-worrying • Comfortable--self-conscious • Unemotional-emotional

10. Which is NOT one of the big five personality traits? a) honesty b) extraversion c) openness d) agreeableness

Trait Theory Criticism • Does NOT take into account the importance of the situation.

What is Myers-Briggs personality type? • There are 16 different personality types. • For ex: INTP (Introverted, i. Ntuitive, Thinker, Perciever) • ESFJ – Extroverted, Sensor, Feeler, Judger • Based on Jung’s theories

MMPI • Used to identify emotional disorders • An empirically derived testmeaning: they gave the test to many and determined normal from abnormal from the answers that differed

Sheldon’s Personality theory: body type • Endomorphs (Fat) tend to be friendly and outgoing. • Mesomorphs (muscular) tend to be more aggressive. • Ectomorphs (thin) tend to be more shy and secretive. • Study has not been replicated.

5. Bertha is tall, thin, and frail. She enjoys studying and reading science fiction novels. She prefers to be alone rather than in a large group. According to Sheldon’s somatotype theory of personality, she is a. b. c. d. e. An endomorph An ectomorph A mesomorph An extrovert An introvert

Behaviorist Theory of Personality • Personality changes according to the environment (reinforcers and punishments). • If you change environment then you change the personality.

Questions: • Would you ever allow your parents to choose your spouse? • Would you be allowed to miss your g-mom’s bday party because you had to work? • Which is more important in a marriage; romance or enduring commitment and friendship?

Culture and personality • Collectivist societies • Individualistic societies • Identity is tied to the group (family, country…) • Emphasize group goals, family duty, social responsibility • Few, close enduring relationships • Harmony valued • Emphasizes personal freedom, choices and achievement • Identity comes from one’s own uniqueness • Relationships more casual, temporary • Confrontation acceptable

Be careful of the Barnum Effect!!! • People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality. • Horoscopes, astrologers and psychics all use this concept. • Aries (March 21 -April 19): Do some detective work so that you can better understand those you love. Figure out what the other person is going through. Only then will you find out how you can help. Taurus (April 20 -May 20): In your midst, there's a person intent on the worst-case scenario. He or she is a valuable ally today. You'll find humor in the exaggeration, and your laughter is healing. Gemini (May 21 -June 21): Go out of your way to add elements of absurdity to your day. Your quality of life will be increased immeasurably. Cancer (June 22 -July 22): A strength exaggerated becomes a weakness. But does a weakness exaggerated become a strength? Highlight a limitation and you'll find you're better off for having this flaw. Leo (July 23 -Aug. 22): People pay attention when you walk into the room today. Make your exit with equal grace. Leave before they want you to and they'll want more. Virgo (Aug. 23 -Sept. 22): Show up in person. You have more than your fair share of charisma today. Noting your winning presence, others will want to help you succeed. Libra (Sept. 23 -Oct. 23): You have a talent for making relationships work. You're full of solutions, but it's important to know which problem is the most pressing. Pump the other person for information. Scorpio (Oct. 24 -Nov. 21): There is a fine line between sharing and over-sharing. Give others the sense of who you are. But do it briefly. Sagittarius (Nov. 22 -Dec. 21): Relating to others has very little to do with what or who you know. Most people are thinking about themselves and what you can do for them. If you make them feel good about themselves, they'll like you. Capricorn (Dec. 22 -Jan. 19): You're in danger of being too thrifty. Show some disregard for the rules of frugal finance. As you spend, you'll widen the channel for greater earning. Aquarius (Jan. 20 -Feb. 18): It would benefit you to get involved in a group effort. There is much you could contribute, and you have much to gain. You'll ask excellent questions and learn all you need to know to fit in nicely. Pisces (Feb. 19 -March 20): You will be certain of your course. But that alone will not be enough to make it go the way you want. Whatever happens, don't complain or explain.

Spotlight Effect • To believe that others are noticing and evaluating us • Are they really? • According to an experiment where students had to where an embarrassing t-shirt, only 23% of those in the room noticed the shirts. • Fewer people notice our “off” hair days, clothes, nervousness than we think

Self-Serving Bias • We easily take credit for • “We lost that game due good deeds and to bad calls by the ref!” successes • We tend to blame others for our bad deeds and failures • We rate ourselves as better than average. • “I failed that test because the teacher didn’t review enough with the class!”