AP GOVERNMENT MIDTERM REVIEW CHAPTERS 1 4 AND

AP GOVERNMENT MID-TERM REVIEW CHAPTERS 1 -4 AND 7 -16

Foundations • Framers of Constitution took their ideas from the following: • 1 - Locke; Hobbes; Rousseau; Montesquieu • 4 Types of Gov’t: Monarchy; Totalitarianism; Oligarchy; Democracy (Direct & Indirect) • Political Ideology: Conservative; Liberal; Libertarian • Baby Boomers (46 -64); Gen X (66 -76); Gen Y (1977 -1994)

THE CONSTITUTION • Designed to protect property rights and provide control • British desire to manage F&I war debt leads America from being allies in 1763 to enemy in 1776 • Articles of Confederation to weak so need something else (Shay’s proves it) • The Compromises of 1787 and the Articles • Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists • Marbury and Article III

FEDERALISM • Dual Sovereigns (state and federal) • Article IV: Full Faith & Credit; Privileges & Immunities; Interstate Compacts • Article VI: Supremacy Clause • John Marshall and the big 3 Federalist cases (Marbury; Gibbons; Mc. Culloch) • Civil War starts the push for stronger central government • New Deal completes the change (layer cake to marble cake; cooperative federalism • LBJ and the Great Society • Reagan and the new federalism (block grants)

STATE GOVERNMENTS • State Constitutions; Sovereignty; 11 th Amendment • Gerrymandering • Governor’s Powers • Term Limits & Line item veto (states only) • Initiatives; Referendums; Recalls • Dillon’s rule • Balanced Budget Rule

UNIT III – THE BRANCHES • Congress: Article 1 - Section 8 • Congress: Rules and Qualifications • Committees: Standing (permanent); Joint (both houses); Conference (bill reconciliation); Select (temporary) • Agency oversight and review • Majority Party; Speaker; Rules committee • Pork and Log Rolling / Trustee & Delegate

• Key Terms: CBO; GAO; Hold; Fillibuster; Cloture • War and War Powers Act • Override Veto; Amendments • Constitutional Express and Implied Powers • Exclusive Powers – Senate: Treaty; Appointments; Judges – House: Appropriations (budget)

• THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH – ARTICLE II • • – Requirements – Powers and limitations – Treaties vs. Executive Agreements – OMB – Agency heads and the power of appointment – Global leader and coalition builder Executive Privilege (“Nixon”) Inherent Powers (“Lincoln”) Power of the Media (“Bully Pulpit”) Enemy Combatant (“Bush”)

• THE JUDICIARY: ARTICLE III – Three tier system – Supreme Court sets its own docket – Jurisdiction can be limited by Congress – Original vs. Appellate Jurisdiction – Key Terms: Rule of 4; Certiorari; Precedent; Stare Decisis; Amicus Curie; Solicitor General; – Majority Opinion ; Concurring Opinion – Judicial Activism – Judicial Restraint

• Justices of some fame: – Marshall (Marbury; Gibbons; Mc. Coulloch) – Justice Taney (Dred Scott) – Justice O’Connor (1 st woman) – Justice Marshall (1 st African-American) – Justice Rehnquist ( limiting executive privilege) – Justice Warren (rights of accused and Brown) – Justice Roberts (present Chief Justice)

• BUREAUCRACY : (AKA THE 4 TH BRANCH) – Spoils System and Civil Service – ICC (end RR price fixing) – Hatch Act – 15 Cabinet Departments (plum books lists all) – The Iron Triangle (aka issue networks) – Congressional Oversight includes: Investigation, Power of the purse, Appointment, Enactment, and Abolishment – Administrative Discretion and Adjudication

• POLLING: – George Gallop – Political Socialization (family, peers, schools) • First predictor of how someone will vote is party affiliation & Second is religion • Key Terms: • Random Sampling • Quota Sampling • Stratified Sampling • Push Polls • Tracking Polls • Exit Polls • Filter Questions

• POLTICAL PARTIES – No actual membership required for parties just registration – Become popular with start of Jacksonian Age – Primaries have weakened the party bosses – Ticket splitting has become more popular – Power NOW flows from national to local because of the money factor – War Chests – Women traditionally favor Dems; Business men traditionally favor Republicans

• • • Primaries: (Closed and Open) Partisan voting / Crossover voting Winner take all / Front loading Electoral College Party Realignment and Critical Elections Incumbent Advantages: Mailings; well known; constituent services; War chests • Motor voter Registration Act • Education and Wealth equal higher turnout

• CAMPAIGN PROCESS – Free vs. Paid media – Mc. Cain-Feingold (2002): Upheld 5 -4 by Supreme Court. Goal is not fairness but to limit outside influences – Political Action Committee (PAC): Officially registered fund raising committee – Buckley v. Valeo (1976) : Supreme Ct. says no limit on $ candidate spends of his own – Hard money vs. Soft money – Express Ads vs. Issue Ads – 527 political committees: Unregulated interest groups focused on specific issue

• THE MEDIA – – – Press Release: The document Press Briefing: Between Press Secy and Press Conference: The official and the press Yellow Journalism & Muckraking Impact of Watergate Defamation (2 kinds: Slander and Libel) Sullivan Case (actual malice) Shield Laws Prior Restraint Equal time rule if selling time Fairness Doctrine Liberal Bias?

• INTEREST GROUPS – Purpose is to gain access and input – Lobbyist is a representative hired by an interest group to push their particular agenda – 3 Big economic interest groups are trade associations (ABA); Labor (UAW); Farmers – Largest today are Gun Lobby (nra) and Abortion Groups – Clayton Act (1914) allowed unions to organize an industry and thus led to increased power – Key input is on specialized knowledge and technical expertise – Growth of PACs and 527’s have changed political campaigning forever.