AP Figurative Language DAILY WARMUPS Alliteration Alliteration is

AP Figurative Language DAILY WARM-UPS

Alliteration �Alliteration is the repetition of like, beginning consonant sounds: �She sells sea shells by the sea shore. �Underline the alliteration in the following: The fragrance of flowers floated through the fog. Pretty Patty picked peas for papa. Handy Harry hired hundreds of helpers to harvest. �Use alliteration to complete the following: Crunchy Crackers…. Pushy people… Slippery slopes…

Alliteration…part 2 �Alliteration is often used in product slogans or jingles. Come up with two examples of this �Alliteration can be used to add rhythm, for this reason it is sometimes used in song lyrics, look at the following example from The Mikado: To sit in solemn silence in a dull, dark dock, In a pestilential prison, with a life-long lock, Awaiting the sensation of a short, sharp shock, From a cheap and chippy chopper on a big black block! � How many examples of alliteration do you hear? � Write a sentence or two using different sounds. . . try to add rhythm to your sentence with the alliteration

Allusion �An indirect reference to a well-known person, place, thing (especially literature), or event. Look at the following, often used as allusion…what association does each evoke? Cupid Scrooge Lilliputian

Allusion Cont. �Advertising often uses Allusion. Look at the following things, and create a name that contains an allusion that might help promote it. �A school �A clothing line �A computer program �A travel agency � Read the following paragraph…identify the allusions: � He never saw a girl as pretty as she: her Mona Lisa smile, her Botticelli curls. But he was tongue-tied with her as Cordelia was with Lear. He tried to think of something to say--perhaps a compliment on how her face could launch a 1000 ships?

Antithesis �Antithesis is the contrasting of ideas in the same (or neighboring) sentence. It is often used to highlight a single characteristic by giving it a contrasting setting. Antithesis establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, with parallel structure. �That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. �To err is human; to forgive, divine. �Think of, or invent one on your own.

Antithesis �In the columns below are ideas that could be used in antithesis. Write five sentences that employ antithesis. Use one word from the left column and one from the right. Be as creative as possible. �Movement Roar �Murmur Soul �Happiness Wealth �Mind Order �Justice Consolation

Apostrophe �When an absent person, an abstract concept, or an important object is directly addressed (as if it is human, or there). �“Brain, don’t fail me now!” �In what instance might it be seen as “normal” for someone to do this? Create your own example.

Apostrophe �One famous example of apostrophe is the line “Death be not proud, ” from Divine Meditation 10 by John Donne. In literature, especially drama and poetry, characters often speak to powerful forces such as death, the weather, love, and so on. �Look at the follow, and create an example of apostrophe where you address each (1 example for each one) Your favorite sports team The first ice-cream cone of summer The loss of a favorite article of clothing, or other object

Assonance �The repetition of like vowel sounds (like alliteration, only with vowels, not consonants). It differs from not all of Rhyme in that rhyme requires both a vowel Notice the same vowels make the same and a consonant. sound, not all the And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling—my life and my bride. same sounds are made by the same letters. • Edgar Allan Poe, “Annabel Lee” An old, mad, blind, despised, and dying king. • Percy Bysshe Shelley, “England in 1819 �Write three words that have like vowel sounds… Now, write a sentence that includes all three words.

Assonance � Recognizing assonance can be tricky; it is subtler than many other poetic devices. To recognize assonance, you need to listen carefully to the vowel sounds contained with in the words. Is the sound repeated in different words? If so, assonance is present. Look at the list below. Think of another word to go with each that would create assonance— avoid rhyming. � Treetop (gleeful) � Clamor � Mundane � Quaking nightfall revealing loyal childish

Consonance �The repetition of consonant sounds. It is a lot like alliteration except that the consonant sounds can occur anywhere within the words, not just the beginning. Sally Sings of Hopes and Things. �Look at the excerpt from “Ode to Evening” by William Collins. Identify the consonance. Behind the hut That from the mountain’s side Views wilds and swelling floods And hamlets brown, and dim-discovered spires…

Euphemism �A word or phrase that uses inoffensive language to express something offensive or unpleasant. �Connect the following military euphemisms to the real meaning. Collateral damage Friendly fire Regime change Surgical strike Ground Zero his/her fellow soldiers a. b. c. d. e. The overthrow of a government precision bombing civilian deaths the site of a nuclear detonation Accidental death or injury of a soldier by

Hyperbole �An overstatement or an exaggeration that is used for emphasis. Such statements are not true, but people use them to make an impression or to emphasize something, such as a feeling, an effort, a reaction, or a humorous effect. The bus ride took forever! She’s as big as a house. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse. �Now, think of two examples of hyperbole or create two examples of your own. Caution, do not confuse simile (comparison with like or as) with hyperbole.

Hyperbole �The greek word hyper means “above, beyond, excessive. ” Hyperbole means taking an idea to the excess, exaggerating it for effect. The sentences below use adjectives and adverbs to make literal statements. Rewrite each using a hyperbole to make the statements more expressive. This is not the first time I asked you to clean your room. After seeing the horror movie, Aaron was very frightened when he heard a sudden noise behind him. Jon had very large feet. He had to buy shoes at a special store. To the four-year-old child, his grandfather seemed very old.

Imagery �Is words and details that create images and impressions in the reader’s mind. Often, when we read, our minds go beyond the printed words to experience a sight, a smell, or a feeling that is suggested by the writing. �language that appeals to and calls upon our senses. �Makes writing more vivid �Helps writing come alive �Not just visual, can appear in many forms and even go beyond our five senses.

Imagery Look at the picture to the right, write a paragraph that describes the scene. Try to appeal to as many senses as appropriate. Remember, stick to one main idea in the paragraph.

Irony �Using a word or a phrase to mean the opposite of its normal meaning. �Irony is normally identified by the circumstances under which the statement is made. �Irony comes in many forms. Example: Calling a short person “stretch” “Beautiful Weather!” said the girl as she looked out the window at the third straight day of rain. Create an example of Irony….

Irony �Look at the statements below…identify a situation where the statement would be ironic and one where it wouldn’t. The first is done. � “Well that stinks. ” Irony: I just won the lottery Not Irony: Someone just hit my car. � “What a nice guy!” � “He is so thoughtful. ” � “Well isn’t this a great situation. ”

Situational Irony �when the opposite of what is expected happens. Maggie cautiously lined up her shot on the 8 -ball. It was perched on the very edge of the pocket of the pool table. If she sank it, she would win. It was a hard shot—she needed the correct backspin to cause the cue ball to stop before it followed the 8 -ball into the pocket. She delivered the shot in a clean, smooth stroke. The cue ball hit the 8, sending it in; the cue ball stopped dead at the lip of the pocket. Maggie whooped and leaped into the air. Her feet hit the floor—the vibration sent the cue ball tumbling in. In the situation, what is the expected outcome? What actually happens? What is ironic about the outcome of the situation?

Litotes �A figure of speech in which the speaker emphasizes the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite. It is a deliberate understatement. For Example � She’s not a bad singer. (Means she is a good singer) � Hitler was no angel (Means Hitler was a horrible person. ) Now write the real meaning of the following. � He is no Einstein! � That is no laughing matter.

Litotes �Remember, litotes is a figure of speech that states a positive by negating its opposite. Litotes is a kind of understatement. “No small feat” is an example of litotes, suggesting that the accomplishment was indeed quite impressive. Explain what the following really mean: The surgeon is no fool. Patton was a general of no mean reputation. I shall not be sorry to see that person retire. He had not a few regrets after throwing away his coin collection. Pollution is no small problem. (Now write your own example!)

Metaphor �A metaphor is a comparison of two unlike things without using like or as. A metaphor is normally more subtle than a simile. A metaphor asserts that one thing IS another and forces the reader to consider the comparison. For example: � Mom was a rock through all the difficult times. � Cherise is the prettiest flower in the garden. � The coach was a real ringmaster. � Choose one of the above and explain what is implies about the initial noun by comparing it directly to the later noun.

Metaphor �Metaphors can make writing more interesting. But sometimes writers lose their way in metaphors. They start out comparing their subject to one thing, but then compare it to something else. Metaphors like this are called mixed metaphors. Look at the following mixed metaphors what was the author trying to compare? Trying to say? � From now on, I’m watching everything you do with a fine-tuned comb. � It’s time to step up to the plate and lay your cards on the table.

Metonymy �Refers to a person or a thing by naming one aspect, not the whole. It is a sneaky type of figurative language because an object or a concept is used to refer to something that is closely associated with it, or even a small part of it. The White House issued a new policy on health care. (Really, the building did this? No, the President is being represented by this building) The book said Columbus was an explorer (what does this actually mean? ) The bench ruled on the gay marriage bill.

Metonymy �Each sentence below uses metonymy. Identify the person or thing each refers to. The investigation went all the way up to the top brass. Washington is looking into the conflict with ISIS. The United States made a clean sweep of medals in the first swimming event. Hollywood has been serving up costume epics for the past few seasons.

Onomatopoeia �Words that are intended to imitate an actual sound. �For example: Bark (for the sound a dog makes) Meow (for the sound a cat makes) �Look at the descriptions below…create a word to describe the sound associated with each. A top spinning on a stone floor A lawnmower or dirt bike engine starting up Feet trying to run through thick, sticky mud High heels walking on a slick, smooth, marble floor A house of cards collapsing

Onomatopoeia � Cocorico (French) � Bhonbhon (Bengali) � Meu, meu (Catalan) � Vov (Danish) � zoem-zoem (Afrikaans) � Auh (Estonian) � Mja(Icelandic) � Bho-bho (Hindi) � Gou gou (Mandarin Chinese) � Bunbun (Japanese) � Mijua (Croatian) � Kukeleku (Dutch) � The words to the left describe animal sounds in other languages…try to figure out what animal each sound is intended to imitate…hint, there actually only 4 animals represented (just several times over)

Oxymoron �The use of two contradictory words intended to create a special effect: Pretty ugly Random order Jumbo shrimp �Look at the 12 pairs of words below, which are oxymorons? Color blind Plastic silverware Virtual reality Working vacation Freezer burn Clogged drain icy hot bad job sad clown slow snail exact estimate study hall

Oxymoron �Match the word to the left with one to the right to create an oxymorn…choose two groupings to use in a sentence. Advanced Boneless Civil Constant Current Essential Extended Live Standard Straight beginner deadline deviation history hook luxury recording ribs variable war

Paradox �A statement that seems to contradict itself but actually makes sense. Similar to an oxymoron, a paradoxical statement is longer and suggests a situation that appears impossible but works within the context of the poem or story. �Example: Love is growing or full constant light, And his first minute after noon is night. � There at least 2 paradoxes in these two lines. First, if love is a “growing or full constant light, ” how can it be night? Second, the first minute after noon is far from night…

Paradox �Look at the following Paradoxes. Write a brief poem or paragraph that illustrates how the contradiction of the paradox is, in fact, accurate. The more one learns, the less one knows. Less is more. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. (Or make up your own!)

Personification �Giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. Personification helps readers identify more closely with a subject. �The poem “Trees” by Joyce Kilmer is a classic example of the personification of a tree. A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts her leafy arms to pray; A tree that may in summer wear A nest of robins in her hair; � What human characteristics does the author assign to the tree?

Pun �A play on words. These words are identical or similar in sound but have very different meaning. Puns are usually humorous, but sometimes they can be serious. The following pun is from Romeo and Juliet: Ask for me tomorrow; and you shall find me a grave man. � Mercutio speaks this line to his friend as he is bleeding to death. The pun is the word grave—as in serious or where the dead lie. � Explain the Pun below in your own words. When a clock is hungry, it goes back four seconds.

Simile �A comparison using the word like or as. Similes are used often and are easily recognizable. Some similes are so common, they are almost cliché. Read the examples below Blind as a bat Thin as a rail slept like a log as white as snow �Write similes to complete the following phrases. Avoid clichés. As fresh as…. Hurt like… Shone like… As busy as… smooth as… as careful as…

Symbol �An object that is what it is, but represents some deeper ideal or meaning. Be careful, symbols and trademarks are NOT the same thing. Symbol has much more depth and meaning than a trademark, which is a quick identifier of a company or product. Think of something you have seen (a movie) or read recently…identify a possible symbol and explain what that symbol may have represented.

Synecdoche �Using part of something (or someone) to represent the whole…or using the whole of something to represent the part. “Friends, Romans, Countrymen lend me your ears. ” �Explain the following examples: The gentlemen asked for the lady’s hand in marriage. John showed off his new set of wheels. My favorite movie is on the tube tonight.

Synecdoche �Match the following: �Stage workers cows clothes The Ranch hands ate after the job was done. She couldn’t wait to hit the boards and show she deserved the role. The cattle rustlers stole fifty head last week. These new threads cost me a week’s paycheck.