AP CHAPTER 9 An Agrarian Republic TRANS APPALACHIA
AP CHAPTER 9 An Agrarian Republic
TRANS APPALACHIA Area of greatest growth was west of the Appalachian Mts. Migration westward was a family affair with kin moving to areas in large groups Fear of Indians and British influence was constant Frontier offered people a chance of hope and a new beginning
ATLANTIC PORTS Dominated the nations economically and politically Charleston, SC was the premier port in the South while Baltimore controlled the tobacco trade Philadelphia controlled the banking and commercial industry NYC- outgrew everybody and was aggressive in the pursuit of trade
A NATIONAL ECONOMY 1800 the U. S. was 94% rural population Most farms were for subsistence purposes while plantations were for commercial purposes 1793 Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin which removed the seeds from cotton Cotton production now became very profitable and led to a huge change in the South’s economy
SHIPPING AND ECONOMIC BOOM American shipping industry benefited from the war between GB/France and shipped many of Europe’s goods across the Atlantic Coastal America was becoming more urbanized which led to higher demand for agricultural goods
THE JEFFERSON PRESIDENCY Jefferson inauguration marked the a peaceful transfer of power from one party to another Jefferson pursued moderate political goals and conciliation Jefferson envisioned a nation of small farmers in a rural community or “Agrarian Republic”
Jefferson wanted the nation to expand agriculturally which led to some negative aspects Soil exhaustion, rise of slavery with the expansion of plantations Ruthlessness towards the Native American population Jefferson’s ideas began the 19 th century push towards the Pacific Ocean
JEFFERSON’S GOVERNMENT Jefferson was determined to reverse the course of Federalist policies Cut the size of the army, navy, taxes, and govt. staff along with reducing the debt Jefferson frugality was even seen with the lack of impressive buildings in the new capital
INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY Marbury v. Madison- established the principle of “Judicial Review” Chief Justice John Marshall was able to greatly strengthen the power of the federal govt. Considered one of the most important cases in U. S. history
CHIEF JUSTICE JOHN MARSHALL
LOUISIANA PURCHASE 1802 Robert Livingston was sent to France to buy New Orleans Napoleon was defeated in Haiti and desperate for money so he offered all of Louisiana (would double the U. S. ) Jefferson a strict constructionist was hesitate but agreed to the purchase Louis and Clark were sent to explore the new territory
PROBLEMS WITH NEUTRAL RIGHTS Many British sailors were deserting to U. S. ships which led the British to board U. S. ships and remove anyone they suspected Jefferson wanted to enforce our rights as a neutral nation Embargo Act 1807 - prohibited the U. S from trading with other countries
U. S. exports dropped by 80% and it crippled the economy Embargo Act did little to impact England France and was repealed in 1809 Native Americans were being pushed from their land by settlers Jefferson encouraged the Christianizing of the natives and encouraged them to be farmers Jefferson offered new land to the Indians west of the Mississippi River
INDIAN RESISTANCE Pan Indian Military Resistance Movement- led by Tecumseh called for political and cultural unification amongst natives Originally meant to stop westward expansion Tecumseh eventually formed an alliance with the British which led to the War of 1812
WAR OF 1812 Westerners were upset with Indian attacks and blamed the British Led by war hawks in Congress Pres. James Madison asked for a declaration of war against the British in June 1812 War Hawks- congressional members mainly in the South and West pushed for war
The war barely passed in Congress War of 1812 greatly divided the nation GB created a naval blockade around the coast and burned Washington D. C. in 1814 U. S. beat the British at Fort Mc. Henry in Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”
FORT MCHENRY
Several battles fought along Lake Erie in the Niagara region New England states opposed the war and some threatened secession The war formed the Canadians sense of unity and vowed never to be invaded by the U. S. Battle of New Orleans 1815 - huge victory by Andrew Jackson
BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
THE HARTFORD CONVENTION Federalist from the 5 New England states met to discuss their grievances Nullification- the state right to null and void federal laws in their state Similar to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
TREATY OF GHENT Signed in late 1814 and major issues of impressment and neutrality were not resolved Britain did agree to evacuate their western post War ended in a tie but really established America as a free and independent nation War led to lots of riots/protests from within
DEFINING BOUNDARIES Following the war their was another westward migration to the Mississippi The major pull of migration was the availability of cheap land Squatters became an issue as more migrated westward Land Act of 1820 set the price at $1. 25 per acre (min. 80) with a down payment of $100
SQUATTERS
ELECTION OF 1816 AND THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS James Monroe (R) was the last election when a Federalist ran for president Era of Good Feelings- nickname of the Monroe presidency when the government had nonpartisan harmony American System- created by Henry Clay and promoted U. S. economic growth and protected domestic manufactures from foreigners
AMERICAN SYSTEM Chartering of a National Bank Tax on imported goods to protect U. S. manufactures Creation of a system of canals and roads Similar to Hamilton’s Plan Many Republicans went along with the plan realizing it would benefit the country
2 ND NATIONAL BANK CHARTER Created in 1816 and was to provide the nation with large scale financing Protect the smaller state banks Create a strong national currency Tariff of 1816 - 1 st significant protective tariff in the country Funding of roads and canals was more controversial
National Road created controversy b/c Congressmen were lobbying for the road to go through their district if they used federal money Erie Canal was solely financed by NYS American System- banks, tariffs and roads all led to economic growth and later a heated debate
NATIONAL ROAD
ERIE CANAL
DIPLOMACY OF JOHN Q. ADAMS Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)- GB/US treaty that demilitarized the Great Lakes by limiting the number of military ships and fixed the 49 th parallel as the border Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)- Spain gave up Florida and Louisiana claims while the U. S. gave up claims to Texas and repaid $5 million debt
MONROE DOCTRINE (1823) U. S. first to recognize Latin American independence and feared European intervention 1) W. Hemisphere was closed to European colonization 2) European intervention in Latin America was a threat to us 3) U. S. would stay out of European affairs
PANIC OF 1819 U. S. shipping boom collapsed and so did the economy Land speculation led many banks to foreclose on many bad loans Decline in cotton prices angered southerners b/c of the tariffs Considered a transitional time in the U. S.
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1819 Missouri applied for statehood and wanted to be a slave state If Missouri became a state it would upset the balance of free/slave states in the Senate debated over the issue and Henry Clay forged a peace agreement Missouri Compromise- Missouri (slave), Maine (free) and slavery banned north of the 36 30’ line
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
CONCLUSION Jefferson’s Presidency marked a significant change in U. S. history War of 1812 the U. S. emerged a respected power American System led to U. S. growth Louisiana Purchase led to early stages of “Manifest Destiny”
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