AP Biology Tests back Chapter 11 Cell Communication
AP Biology Tests back Chapter 11
Cell Communication No Distance Short Distanc e Long Distance
Signal Transduction Pathway 1. Messenger 2. Receptor 3. Transduction 4. Secondary Messengers 5. Cell Targets
AP Biology- take out notes and Study guides Signal Transduction Pathway
Effects of Changes in Pathways Signal Disruption Pathways Disruptions Poison Diabetes
Cell Division Ch. 12 • • • Cell division- reproduction of cells Cell cycle- life of cell Chromosomes- DNA in packed structures Chromatin- DNA and proteins Somatic cells- # of chromosomes per body cell (all except reproductive) • Gametes- reproductive cells (half of the somatic #) • Sister Chromatids- duplicated chromosome joined by centromere
• Mitosis- division of genetic material • Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm • Animals – cleavage furrow • Plants – Cell plate
Phases of Cell Cycle
Cleavage VS Plate
Binary Fission • Binary Fission- Division in half (prokaryotes) • Origin of Replication
Cell Cycle Control System • Cell cycle is regulated by internal and external signals • Checkpoint- control point where stop and go signals occur • G 1 • S • G 2 • G 0
Cyclin and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases • Protein kinases are enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylating them • To be activated the kinase must be attached to a cyclin • Because these kinases are dependent upon attachment of cyclin they are known as cyclindependent kinases or Cdks.
• Cells respond to • “maturation-promoting factors” this is what triggers the cell’s passage past each checkpoint • Growth hormone • Density-dependent inhibition- Uncontrolled cell growth-
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