AP Biology Tests back Chapter 11 Cell Communication

AP Biology Tests back Chapter 11

Cell Communication No Distance Short Distanc e Long Distance

Signal Transduction Pathway 1. Messenger 2. Receptor 3. Transduction 4. Secondary Messengers 5. Cell Targets

AP Biology- take out notes and Study guides Signal Transduction Pathway

Effects of Changes in Pathways Signal Disruption Pathways Disruptions Poison Diabetes

Cell Division Ch. 12 • • • Cell division- reproduction of cells Cell cycle- life of cell Chromosomes- DNA in packed structures Chromatin- DNA and proteins Somatic cells- # of chromosomes per body cell (all except reproductive) • Gametes- reproductive cells (half of the somatic #) • Sister Chromatids- duplicated chromosome joined by centromere

• Mitosis- division of genetic material • Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm • Animals – cleavage furrow • Plants – Cell plate

Phases of Cell Cycle

Cleavage VS Plate

Binary Fission • Binary Fission- Division in half (prokaryotes) • Origin of Replication

Cell Cycle Control System • Cell cycle is regulated by internal and external signals • Checkpoint- control point where stop and go signals occur • G 1 • S • G 2 • G 0

Cyclin and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases • Protein kinases are enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylating them • To be activated the kinase must be attached to a cyclin • Because these kinases are dependent upon attachment of cyclin they are known as cyclindependent kinases or Cdks.

• Cells respond to • “maturation-promoting factors” this is what triggers the cell’s passage past each checkpoint • Growth hormone • Density-dependent inhibition- Uncontrolled cell growth-