AP BIOLOGY Phylogeny Geologic Time Phylogeny of the
AP BIOLOGY Phylogeny & Geologic Time
Phylogeny of the human species Homo neanderthalensis Paranthropus robustus 0 Paranthropus boisei 0. 5 Homo ergaster ? 1. 0 Australopithecus africanus 1. 5 Millions of years ago 2. 0 2. 5 3. 0 Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus anamensis Homo erectus 3. 5 Homo rudolfensis 4. 0 4. 5 5. 0 Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus afarensis 5. 5 6. 0 6. 5 7. 0 Orrorin tugenensis Sahelanthropus tchadensis Homo habilis Homo sapiens
Example of Molecular Phylogeny 1 2 Deletion 1 2 Insertion 1 2
Fossil Formation Rivers carry sediment to the ocean. Sedimentary rock layers containing fossils form on the ocean floor. Over time, new strata are deposited, containing fossils from each time period. As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion reveals strata and fossils. Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils
Examples of Fossils Leaf fossil, about 40 million years ago Petrified trees in Arizona, about 190 million years old Insects preserved whole in amber Dinosaur bones being excavated from sandstone Casts of ammonites, about 375 million years old Boy standing in a 150 -million-year-old dinosaur track in Colorado Tusks of a 23, 000 -year-old mammoth, frozen whole in Siberian ice
Absolute “radiometric” dating Half-life of elements Half-life relative to time
Relative fossil dating using index fossils
The Tectonic Plates of the Earth Red Circles are volcanoes Eurasian Plate North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Philippine Plate Caribbean Plate Arabian Plate Cocos Plate Pacific Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate Scotia Plate Indian Plate African Plate Antarctic Plate Australian Plate
Techtonics of spreading or colliding Volcanoes and volcanic islands Oceanic ridge Trench e on z n o i t c Subdu ust ic cr n a e c O ding sprea r o o l f a Se
Pangaea By about 10 million years ago, Earth’s youngest major mountain range, the Himalayas, formed as a result of India’s collision with Eurasia during the Cenozoic. The continents continue to drift today. Cenozoic 0 a c eri Eurasia m h. A rt No 65. 5 South America Africa India Madagascar Antarctica Mesozoic 135 Gon a gae Pan 251 Paleozoic Millions of years ago Laurasia dwa na lia stra Au By the end of the Mesozoic, Laurasia and Gondwana separated into the present-day continents. By the mid-Mesozoic Pangaea split into northern (Laurasia) and southern (Gondwana) landmasses. At the end of the Paleozoic, all of Earth’s landmasses were joined in the supercontinent Pangaea.
Impact Thoery NORTH AMERICA Yucatán Peninsula Chicxulub crater
Snowball Earth
Supporting Evidence Homologous Structures
Supporting Evidence Embryological Homologies
Supporting Evidence Molecular Homologies
Analogous Structures
Biogeography and Convergent Evolution Similar environments - similar appearance
Leopard Turtle Salamander Tuna Lancelet (outgroup) Character Table used to create a Cladogram Lamprey TAXA CHARACTERS Hair Amniotic (shelled) egg Four walking legs Hinged jaws Vertebral column (backbone) Character table Leopard Turtle Hair Salamander Amniotic egg Tuna Four walking legs Lamprey Lancelet (outgroup) Cladogram Hinged jaws Vertebral column
an se ou M t Ra m Hu rd Bi ian ib ph Am h Fis ele t nc La os Dr la op hi Phylogenic Tree
Clade Grouping 1 Monophyletic
Millions of years ago Neoproterozoic 542 Paleozoic 251 Mesozoic 65. 5 ou M se Bi rd Hu m an Ra t ian ib ph h Fis ele t nc La ila op h os Dr Am Cenozoic Phylogenic tree and Evolution of major Phyla
Molecular Clocks and DNA sequences It takes time to have change occur. 1 2 Deletion 1 2 Insertion 1 2
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