AP BIO REVIEW Ecology Biological systems interact and

AP BIO REVIEW Ecology Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. By Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology Images from: https: //media. giphy. com/media/XCAK 4 j. Y 8 l. NYf. C/giphy. gif

Image from: https: //blog. serenataflowers. com/pollennation/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/honey-bee-5. jpg Type of symbiotic interaction in which both organisms benefit (+/+) MUTUALISM Essential Knowledge 4. B. 3. Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance Evidence of student learning is demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1 Competition, parasitism, predation, mutualism and commensalism can affect population dynamics 2. Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects, and can be modeled mathematically ( predator/prey, epidemiological models, invasive species)

Image from: http: //faculty. uca. edu/johnc/Human. Pop. Growth. gif Which type of growth curve is exhibited by the human population on planet Earth as shown above? Exponential growth Essential knowledge 4. A. 6. e. 1 Competition for resources and other factors limits growth and can be described by the logistic model.

Which of the organisms shown below is a secondary consumer? Frog; secondary consumers eat primary consumers Essential knowledge 2. D. 1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy. C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2. D. 1] d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity

A population of 265 swans are introduced to Circle Lake. The population’s birth rate is 0. 341 swans/year, and the death rate is 0. 296 swans/year. What is the rate of population growth, and is it increasing or decreasing? r = births – deaths = 0. 341 – 0. 296 r = 0. 045 r is increasing LO 4. 12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways SP 2. 2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena

A population of 1, 492 Baltimore Orioles is introduced to an area of Nerstrand woods. Over the next year, the Orioles show a death rate of 0. 395 while the population drops to 1, 134. What’s the birth rate for this population? Is this proving to be a suitable habitat? d. N/dt= (b-d)N (1134 -1492) = (b- 0. 395) 1492 1 year -358 = (b – 0. 395 ) 1492 -358 = b – 0. 395 - 0. 24 = b – 0. 395 1492 b= 0. 155 LO 4. 12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways SP 2. 2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena

Image from: http: //staffsites. slcschools. org/rdahl/data/_uploaded/8 th/Predator%20 Prey%20 Lab/chase_is_on_lrg. jpg Type of interaction in which one organism is hunted and eaten by another (+/-) PREDATOR/PREY Essential Knowledge 4. B. 3. Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance Evidence of student learning is demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1 Competition, parasitism, predation, mutualism and commensalism can affect population dynamics 2. Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects, and can be modeled mathematically ( predator/prey, epidemiological models, invasive species)

How does the way matter flows through an ecosystem differ from the way that energy flows? Energy is passed in one-way direction through the biotic (living organisms) in an ecosystem. Matter cycles within and between biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of matter and energy a. Energy flows, but matter is recycled Essential Knowledge 2. A. 1 All living systems require constant input of free energy

Explain how carbon moves from C 02 in atmosphere into living things during the carbon cycle. C 02 is taken in by green plants during photosynthesis and incorporated into organic molecules Give an example of some biomolecules you learned about that contain carbon. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids all contain carbon Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids. Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms.

Image from: https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/346/flashcards/709346/jpg/picture 11321381932244. jpg The process by which nitrates/nitrites in soil are changed into N 2 gas and returned to the atmosphere during the nitrogen cycle is called _________ denitrification Which group of organisms are responsible for this process? Bacteria that live in the soil can change nitrates/nitrites into N 2 gas Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.

There are 190 grey tree frogs in a swamp. If r= 0. 093 frogs/ year, predict the population size next year. d. N/dt= r max N d. N/dt = -0. 093 (190) d. N/dt = 17. 67 190 -18 = 172 frogs LO 4. 12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways SP 2. 2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena

All the living things that are part of an ecosystem are called BIOTIC _____ factors. Which organisms make up the first trophic level in all food webs and food chains? Autotrophs/producers Essential knowledge 2. D. 1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. a. Cell activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy. C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2. D. 1] d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity

Image from: https: //s-media-cache-ak 0. pinimg. com/originals/bb/bb/1 f/bbbb 1 fb 27 e 83 c 9 a 5 ba 12 fc 9 e 2266 eb 5 a. gif Explain where heterotrophs obtain the carbon they need to build molecules during the carbon cycle. Carbon is obtain by consuming other organisms as part of food web interactions. Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids. Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms.

One dandelion plant can produce many seeds, leading to a high growth rate for dandelion populations. If a population of dandelions is currently 40 individuals, and rmax= 80 dandelions/month, predict d. N/dt if these dandelions would grow exponentially. Exponential growth: d. N/dt= rmax N d. N/dt= 80 x 40= 3200 LO 4. 12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways SP 2. 2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena

Explain how carbon moves from living things back into inorganic molecules in the ecosystem during the carbon cycle. C 02 is released into atmosphere during cellular respiration and decomposition. Carbon is returned to the soil when living things release waste or die/decompose Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids. Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms.

All the living things that are part of an ecosystem are called BIOTIC _____ factors. Which organisms make up the first trophic level in all food webs and food chains? Autotrophs/producers Essential knowledge 2. D. 1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy. C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2. D. 1] d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity

6. Imagine the dandelions mentioned in #12 cannot grow exponentially, due to lack of space. The carrying capacity for their patch of lawn is 70 dandelions. What is their d. N/dt in this logistic growth situation? Logistic growth: d. N/dt= r max N (K-N/K) d. N/dt= 80 x 40 (70 -40/70) d. N/dt= 3200 (30/70) 1371

Image from: http: //thebark. com/sites/default/files/content/article/full/dog-ticks-blog-500 x 285 -opt. jpg Type of symbiotic interaction in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed (+/-) PARASITISM Essential Knowledge 4. B. 3. Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance Evidence of student learning is demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1 Competition, parasitism, predation, mutualism and commensalism can affect population dynamics 2. Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects, and can be modeled mathematically ( predator/prey, epidemiological models, invasive species)

Image from: https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/346/flashcards/709346/jpg/picture 11321381932244. jpg The process by which N 2 gas is changed into a form that plants can use is called Nitrogen fixation ________ Which group of organisms are responsible for this process? Nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in the soil and form symbiotic relationships with legumes change nitrogen into ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria can change ammonia into nitrates/nitrites Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.

Which of the organisms shown below is a primary consumer? Grasshopper; primary consumers eat primary producers Essential knowledge 2. D. 1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy. C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2. D. 1] d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity

Image from: https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/346/flashcards/709346/jpg/picture 11321381932244. jpg Explain how green plants get the nitrogen they need to build biomolecules during the nitrogen cycle. Absorbed via roots from soil made available by nitrogen fixing bacteria Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.

Image from: : https: //i. ytimg. com/vi/m 7 e. Ev 7 gdg 38/hqdefault. jpg Although the atmosphere contains approximately 78% N 2 gas, heterotrophs are unable to use nitrogen in this form. Explain how heterotrophs (like you) get the nitrogen they need to build biomolecules during the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is obtained by consuming other organisms as part of food web interactions. Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.

Image from: https: //figures. boundless-cdn. com/21346/large/figure-45 -03 -01. jpe Which of these growth curves would be seen in a population with unlimited nutrients? Exponential growthpopulation continues to increase due to availability of nutrients for all Essential knowledge 4. A. 6. e. 1 Competition for resources and other factors limits growth and can be described by the logistic model.

Name the group of green plants that can form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen fixing bacteria during the nitrogen cycle. Legumes; Ex soybeans, peanuts Give an example of some biomolecules you learned about that contain nitrogen. Proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.

Which of the organisms shown below is a tertiary consumer? snake; tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers Essential knowledge 2. D. 1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy. C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2. D. 1] d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity

Density-independent limiting factors depend on population density, or the number of organisms per unit area. Examples include severe weather, natural disasters, and human activities. Some of these factors may have more severe effects when population density is high. asdf Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6 e. 2 Competition for resources, territoriality, health, predation, accumulation of wastes, and other factors contribute to density-dependent population regulation.

Name the only biogeochemical cycle that doesn’t pass through the atmosphere. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Give an example of some biomolecules you learned about that contain nitrogen. Nucleic acids and phospholipids Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Phosphorus moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in nucleic acids and certain lipids.

Image from: http: //2. bp. blogspot. com/-h. Ze. Cz 7 k. KFZw/UBf. HE 40 Zj. HI/AAAAAPw/ec 3 x. FFkm. T 3 Q/s 1600/flagella. png How are taxis and kinesis different? TAXIS is a change in direction in which an organism automatically moves toward (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis) a stimulus KINESIS is a change in rate of movement in response to a stimulus Essential knowledge 2. C. 2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments. a. Organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Taxis and kinesis in animals

All the non-living things that are part of an ecosystem are called ABIOTIC factors. _____ Give an example of these factors. Climate, temperature, precipitation, wind, soil type, water availability, sunlight, minerals Essential knowledge 2. D. 1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. a. Cell activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.

Which country has the fastest growing population? Mexico- has the greatest numbers in lowest age groups Essential Knowledge 4. A. 5. 4 Demographic data with respect to age distributions and fecundity can be used to study human populations.

Which of the organisms shown below is a quaternary consumer? Hawk quaternary consumers (apex predators) eat tertiary consumers Essential knowledge 2. D. 1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy. C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2. D. 1] d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity

PREDICT what might happen to the snake population in this community if all the pine borer bugs were killed by a virus? A loss in pine borer bugs would decrease the populations of salamanders and golden crested kinglets (they eat pine borers). Loss of these would also result in a decrease in the snake population since snakes eat kinglets and salamanders. LO 4. 13 The student is able to predict the effects of a change in the community’s populations on the community {See SP 6. 4]

Image from: https: //figures. boundless-cdn. com/21346/large/figure-45 -03 -01. jpe Which of these growth curves would be seen in a population where nutrient availability becomes limited? Logistic growth. Population increases while nutrients are available; graph levels off when nutrients are limited Essential knowledge 4. A. 6. e. 1 Competition for resources and other factors limits growth and can be described by the logistic model.

Why is only about 10% of the energy in an organism transferred in a food chain? Some is used by organism for life processes such as movement, transport, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and rest is lost as HEAT

Question from: https: //mrsnyders. wikispaces. com/file/view/Pop. +growth. wks. w. answers. doc mage from: http: //mayhewbiology. com/Reading%20 Guides/Chapter%205_files/image 005. gif The graph shows moose and wolf population on Isle Royale. Is the number of moose on the island a density-dependent or density-independent limiting factor for the wolf? It is density-dependent because when the wolf population is small, there may be enough moose for food; when the wolf population is large, food may be scarce for the wolf if the moose population is small. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6 e. 2 Competition for resources, territoriality, health, predation, accumulation of wastes, and other factors contribute to density-dependent population regulation. SP 1. 4 The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively. SP 6. 4 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.

Image from: https: //figures. boundless-cdn. com/21346/large/figure-45 -03 -01. jpe The maximum population size that an ecosystem can support is called the _________ CARRYING CAPACITY Essential knowledge 4. A. 6. e. 1 Competition for resources and other factors limits growth and can be described by the logistic model.

780 turkeys live in Merriam township, which is 92 acres in size. The birth rate is 0. 472 turkeys/ year. The death rate is 0. 331 turkeys/ year. a. What is the population density? 780/92 = 8. 5 turkeys/acre b. What is d. N/dt? d. N/dt= r max N (0. 472 -0. 331)/780 = 0. 141 (780) 110 turkeys/ year c. Predict N after one year, assuming d. N/dt stays constant. 780 + 110 = 890 turkeys LO 4. 12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways SP 2. 2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena

Image from: http: //mayhewbiology. com/Reading%20 Guides/Chapter%205_files/image 005. gif The graph shows moose and wolf population on Isle Royale. Explain how these two species interact? How does the change in numbers of one population impact the other? Wolves and moose have a predator/prey relationship. When wolf numbers increase the moose population decreases because there are more wolves eating moose. When moose populations decrease, a decrease in wolf population follows because there is less food for the wolves. When the wolf population decreases, the moose population increases because there are fewer predators to eat them. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6 e. 2 Competition for resources, territoriality, health, predation, accumulation of wastes, and other factors contribute to density-dependent population regulation. SP 1. 4 The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively. SP 6. 4 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.

Image from: https: //s-media-cache-ak 0. pinimg. com/originals/62/3 f/19/623 f 192 ee 2 e 9 d 48 f 8189 a 3889293 cd 37. jpg Type of symbiotic interaction in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed (+/0) COMMENSALISM Essential Knowledge 4. B. 3. Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance Evidence of student learning is demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1 Competition, parasitism, predation, mutualism and commensalism can affect population dynamics 2. Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects, and can be modeled mathematically ( predator/prey, epidemiological models, invasive species)

Question from: https: //mrsnyders. wikispaces. com/file/view/Pop. +growth. wks. w. answers. doc A population continues at a stable size for many years. Suddenly, in a single season, the population size drops by half. Is the cause more likely to be density-dependent, density-independent, or both? Explain your answer. It could be either or both. A density-independent factor such as extreme weather or a natural disaster could reduce numbers quickly. A density-dependent factor such as disease, parasitism, human activities, or a newly introduced predator or herbivore could also reduce numbers quickly. Essential Knowledge 4. A. 6 e. 2 Competition for resources, territoriality, health, predation, accumulation of wastes, and other factors contribute to density-dependent population regulation. SP 1. 4 The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively. SP 6. 4 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.

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