AP BIO Review Cells StructureFunction Membranes Signaling Kelly
AP BIO Review Cells Structure/Function Membranes, & Signaling Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology Remember: Biology is more than "just the facts". It's all about connections. (That said. . . you have to know the vocab and concepts to be able to see the "big picture" and make those connections)
Name the colored part ROUGH ER What is it made of? Network of membranes with ribosomes attached Give its function “Intracellular highway” Transport proteins made on its ribosomes Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2. B. 3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport.
Name the colored part Cell wall Name the structural polysaccaride that provides support here? cellulose Give the function Provides support & protection Essential knowledge 2. B. 1. 4 c. Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and are external to the cell membrane.
According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly A. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane C C. embedded in a lipid bilayer D. randomly oriented in the membrane without fixed inside-outside polarity E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution Campbell Concept check Essential knowledge 2. B. 1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids.
https: //i 1. wp. com/biofoundations. org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid. gif? w=625 amphipathic Phospholipids are _____because they have both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic? TAILS Which part is hydrophilic HEAD Essential knowledge 2. B. 1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself.
http: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC 040844/animalcells. htm Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? B; sticks on the surface of the membrane. 2. B. 1. b. 1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
Name some cell parts found in all cells Plasma membrane Ribosomes Cytoskeleton DNA Essential knowledge 1. B. 1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. a. Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of all domains LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
Name the colored part Plasma (Cell) membrane What is it made of? Mainly phospholipids & proteins with cholesterol (animals), glycoproteins, and glycolipids Give its function Acts as boundary to separate internal/external environment; Controls what enters and leaves cell (selectively permeable) 2. B. 1. a Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment 2. B. 1. b 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipids molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
Draw a picture showing the components used to make a FAT molecule. What kind of reaction joins the “pieces”? How is a fat different than a phospholipid? How does adding unsaturated fatty acid tails change whether the fat is solid or liquid at room temperature? 4. A. 1. a. 3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids
FAT = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails Joined by dehydration synthesis Phospholipid = 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid tails + 1 phosphate group
MAKE A FAT GLYCEROL 3 FATTY ACIDS
PHOSPHOLIPID
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION! UNSATURATED FA’s put “kinks” in tails Can’t pack as tightly. Learn more UNSATURATED Fats = liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats = solid at room temperature.
Name the colored part Smooth ER Give its function In most cells: it makes lipids (phospholipids/steroids) Muscle cells: regulates calcium (sarcoplasmic reticulum) Liver cells: breaks down toxins Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: . b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2. B. 3] of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In most cases, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Compare basic organelles in plant cells vs bacterial cells PLANTS Eukaryotes Have chloroplasts Cellulose in cell wall Big vacuole nucleus Membrane bound organelles Bacteria prokaryotes No chloroplasts peptidoglycan in cell wall no vacuole no nucleus No membrane bound organelles Essential knowledge 1. B. 1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
Image from: http: //i 0. wp. com/www. sciencemusicvideos. com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/simple-phospholipid-no-numbers. png? resize=359%2 C 148 Identify this molecule and use the words: hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar, non-polar to identify the parts of this molecule. Head is polar and hydrophilic Tails are non-polar and hydrophobic Explain why this tail on the left is bent? Fatty acid tail is unsaturated. It has a double bond which puts a “kink” in the tail 4. a. 1. 3. In general lipids are nonpolar; however, phospholipids exhibit structural properties, with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation the determine the structure and function of lipids [ See also 1. D. 1, 2. A. 3, 2. B. 1]
Name the colored part Golgi body (apparatus) What is it made of? Stacks of membrane sacs called cisternae Give its function Modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials received from Rough ER for transport; Make lysosomes Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. c. The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae). [See also 2. B. 3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following: 1. Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles), and production of lysosomes.
Name the two types of transport proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion Channels and carriers Which of A a) b) c) d) e) these would increase membrane fluidity? greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids greater proportion of saturated phospholipids a lower temperature relatively high protein content in membrane greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses Campbell Ch 7 self quiz Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane.
https: //i 1. wp. com/biofoundations. org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid. gif? w=625 Which molecules are used to make a phospholipid? Head is made of a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. 2 fatty acids make up the tails Essential knowledge 2. B. 1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself.
According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly A. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane C C. embedded in a lipid bilayer D. randomly oriented in the membrane without fixed inside-outside polarity E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution Campbell Concept check Essential knowledge 2. B. 1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Describes molecules that try to stay away from water or other polar molecules Hydrophobic; non-polar Scale used to measure acidity p. H Vocab
Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity? A A. a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids B. a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids C. a lower temperature D. a relatively high protein content in the membrane E. a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses Campbell Concept check Essential knowledge 4. C. 1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2. B. 1, 3. A. 1, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes LO 4. 22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6. 2]
Animation from: http: //www. franklincollege. edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week 04. html Describe the pathway a protein hormone like insulin might follow from where it is made until it is secreted by a pancreas cell. -made by RIBOSOMES attached to ROUGH ER -inserted into and transported through the ROUGH ER - travel in a vesicle to a nearby GOLGI BODY (complex) -modified, sorted, and packaged into a transport vesicle by GOLGI BODY - Shipped to plasma membrane where it leaves cell by exocytosis 4. A. 2. a Ribosomes … site of protein synthesis 4. A. 2. b. 1 Rough ER. . Protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays role in intracellular transport. 4. A. 2. c. 1. Golgi complex. . Synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles) LO 4. 4 The student is able to make a prediction about the interactions of subcellular organelles [ See SP 6. 4]
https: //i 1. wp. com/biofoundations. org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid. gif? w=625 Which molecules in a cell membrane are responsible for its selective permeability Phospholipids (Hydrophobic tails) In a cell membrane the phospholipids form a BILAYER with the double layer called a ____ HEADS TAILS _______ facing outward and the _______ facing inward. Essential knowledge 2. B. 1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself.
Name the structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy cellulose Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose. ATP RIBOSE Image by Riedell Essential knowledge 4. A. 1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule
Tell which part does it? Intracellular highway _______ rough ER Few long structures on surface flagella of cells that help in movement _______ Few short structures on surface of cells that help move cell cilia or move substances past cell _______ 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
Name the colored part mitochondria What is the folded membrane inside called? cristae Give its function Cellular respiration Burn glucose and store energy as ATP Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation. [See also 2. A. 2, 2. B. 3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function. 2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae. 3. Cristae contain enzymes important to ATP production; cristae also increase the surface area for ATP production.
Image from: https: //s-media-cache-ak 0. pinimg. com/236 x/c 6/12/25/c 612251478 a 0 e 61407 f 86009771 ba 803. jpg A small membrane bound sac in a eukaryotic cell used to transport substances around inside a cell vesicle 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes 4. A. 2. c. 1 Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles)
Essential knowledge 4. A. 1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule Carbohydrates made from 2 -10 sugar molecules like those found in glycoproteins are called oligosaccharides _______ Compare the molecules found in the cell walls of the following: Plants cellulose Bacteria Fungi peptidoglycan chitin Essential knowledge 2. B. 1. 4 c. Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and are external to the cell membrane. 2. Other examples are cells walls of prokaryotes and fungi.
Label Outer membrane A = __________ Intermembrane space B = __________ C = __________ cristae D = __________ matrix E = __________ cytoplasm Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation. [See also 2. A. 2, 2. B. 3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function. 2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae.
Image from: https: //askabiologist. asu. edu/sites/default/files/resources/activities/body_depot/venom/aquaporin_cartoon_large. jpg Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups in the integral proteins that make up transport proteins in cell membranes. Essential knowledge 4. A. 1. The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. . a. 2 The R groups of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic and ionic) and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein [1. D. 1, 2. A. 3, 2. B. 1] 2. B. 1. 3. Embedded proteins can be hydrophilic, with charged and polar side groups, or hydrophobic, with nonpolar side groups
Name a cell part that would use this molecule It is an amino acid; ribosomes use it to make proteins Name the cell part that makes this molecule mitochondria
http: //www. mgm. ufl. edu/images/bharfe/image 3. jpg Name the process in human embryos by which your fingers and toes formed from paddle-like structures and your tail disappeared? Apoptosis= autophagy http: //www. nurseminerva. co. uk/tail_bud. htm Which cell organelle participates in this process? lysosomes 2. E. 1. c Programmed cell death plays a role in the normal development and differentiation. Students should be able to demonstrate understanding of the above concept by using an illustrative example such as: Morphogenesis of fingers and toes Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. e. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes, which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of a cell's organic materials and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion in a variety of ways. [See also 2. B. 3]
Images from: https: //www. colourbox. com/preview/9746487 -the-structural-formula-of-cellulose-polymer. jpg http: //www. blc. arizona. edu/courses/schaffer/182/Mod. Carb-c. jpeg Compare and contrast CHITIN and CELLULOSE Both are structural polysaccharides made from β -glucose monomers; found in plant cell walls Chitin has nitrogen groups attached to its β-glucose monomers; found in fungi cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons Essential knowledge 4. A. 1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule
http: //www. beyondbooks. com/lif 71/4 a. asp Name this cell part centriole What is it made out of? Microtubule proteins Give a function Help separate chromosomes during mitosis in animal cells 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
Label Thylakoid sacs A = __________ Thylakoid space B = __________ C = __________ granum stroma D = __________ cytoplasm E = __________ 4. A. 2. g. . 3. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane that creates a compartmentalized structure, which supports its function. Within the chloroplasts are membrane-bound structures called thylakoids. Energy-capturing reactions housed in the thylakoids are organized in stacks, called "grana, “. . . Carbon fixation occurs in the stroma, . .
Tell which part does it? Burns glucose and stores Mitochondria energy released as ATP _______ Controls what enters Plasma (cell) membrane or leaves the cell ________ Log shaped structures that help guide chromosomes apart during cell division in animal ________ Centrioles cells 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation [See also 2. A. 2, 2. b. 3]
Ribosomes are made from which two molecules? Proteins and RNA What is the function of ribosomes? protein synthesis Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. a. Ribosomes are small, universal structures comprised of two interacting parts: ribosomal RNA and protein. In a sequential manner, these cellular components interact to become the site of protein synthesis where the translation of the genetic instructions yields specific polypeptides. [See also 2. B. 3]
DNA with attached proteins found spread out in the nucleus of non -dividing cells chromatin Describes molecules that try to stay away from water… means “water fearing” hydrophobic VOCAB
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached? Rough ER What is the function of smooth ER in most cells? Most cells = lipid synthesis Muscle cellsregulate Ca++ during muscle contraction (modified as sarcoplasmic reticulum) Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2. B. 3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport. 2. In most cases, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Image from: http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03 -16 -steroids-nl. htm Name the kind of lipid joined in rings instead of chains made mainly from carbon and hydrogen that can be found in animal cell membranes and can act as hormones steroids Essential knowledge 4. A. 1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule
https: //twitter. com/medschooladvice/status/456593149540855808
Which two molecules are the main components in cell plasma membranes? Phospholipids and proteins What is the function of the plasma membrane? Control what enters and leaves cell compartmentalization (separates inside /outside) Essential knowledge 2. B. 1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. a. Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself.
This organelle is Rough ER the ______ http: //www. biology 4 kids. com/files/cell_er. html Give its function Modifies and transports proteins made on its attached ribosomes Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2. B. 3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport.
Name the colored part nucleolus Give its function Makes ribosomal RNA How does the r. RNA get out of the nucleus? Exits through nuclear pores Which other kind of molecule combines with RNA to make ribosomes? proteins Essential knowledge 4. A. 2. The structure and function of subcellular components and their interactions provide essential cellular processes a. Ribosomes are small universal structures comprised of two interacting parts ribosomal RNA and proteins
Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and nonpolar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does adding unsaturated fatty acids change the shape of the molecule and impact membrane fluidity? 4. A. 1. a. 3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4. C. 1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2. B. 1, 3. A. 1, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4. 22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6. 2]
Image from: http: //images. slideplayer. com/15/4623267/slides/slide_9. jpg HEAD = polar/hydrophilic TAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Unsaturated fatty acids put “kinks” in the tails; They pack less tightly together in membrane; Increase fluidity Plants that can tolerated cold and fish that live in cold places have more unsaturated FA’s in their phospholipids 4. A. 1. a. 3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4. C. 1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2. B. 1, 3. A. 1, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4. 22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6. 2]
Draw a diagram of a typical biological membrane including the lipid bilayer and both integral and peripheral proteins. Label your diagram and GIVE AN EXAMPLE of an integral and a peripheral protein you learned about. What other molecules can be found in cell membranes? 2. B. 1. b. 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural frame work of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, and cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. 2. B. 1. b. 2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself
Peripheral proteins- G protein Last ETC protein Integral proteins: transport proteins (ion channels, carriers, aquaporins, ATP synthase. . )
Other molecules in cell membranes Glycoproteins Glycolipids Cholesterol (animals)
Tell some ways all eukaryotic cells are alike ALL have a nuclear membrane have membrane bound organelles have a cell membrane cytoskeleton have DNA in multiple paired linear chromosomes have larger ribosomes than prokaryotes Essential knowledge 1. B. 1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
Draw a bacterial cell engulfed by phagocytosis and label 3 parts that are similar to mitochondria and chloroplasts and provide evidence for Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiotic theory Essential knowledge 1. A. 4 Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics b. Molecular, morphological and genetic information of existing and extinct organisms add to our understanding of evolution.
MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS: DNA is one circular loop like prokaryotes Have ribosomes smaller than cellular ribosomes like prokaryotes Only organelles with double membranes Inner mitochondrial/chloroplast membranes have bacterial phospholipids Outer mitochondrial/chloroplast membrane like cell membranes Inner membranes have enzymes for respiration/photosynthesis like bacterial plasma membranes See a movie about Reproduce with binary fission like prokaryotes ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
Humans inherit the mitochondrial DNA from only mother only father both mother and father Need a study break? Watch this Biology Mother's day song 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
Name the colored part Plasma (cell) membrane What 2 molecules are the main components? Bilayer of phospholipids & proteins Give its function Separates internal/external environment Controls what enters and leaves Cell (selectively permeable) Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
http: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC 040844/animalcells. htm Which of these proteins is an integral protein? A; sticks into the membrane 2. B. 1. b. 1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and nonpolar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does the structure of phospholipids lead to the formation of cell membranes and their selectively permeable characteristics. 4. A. 1. a. 3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids 2. B. 1. b. 2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself
HEAD = polar/hydrophilic TAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Phospholipids associate with phobic tails toward inside and polar heads to outside touching water. Phobic tails keep polar molecules/ions from passing through without help (ion channels, carriers, etc). Small non-polar molecules can pass through without help.
Image from: https: //endosymbiotichypothesis. files. wordpress. com/2010/09/endosymbiosis_theory. gif According to the Endosymbiotic theory, which organelle probably evolved from aerobic bacteria that were incorporated into early prokaryotic cells? mitochondria This theory also explains the origin of what other organelle? chloroplasts See a movie about ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Essential knowledge 1. A. 4 Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics b. Molecular, morphological and genetic information of existing and extinct organisms add to our understanding of evolution.
Name the circled part chloroplasts What are the membrane sacs inside called? thylakoids Give its function photosynthesis In what kind of organisms would this organelle be found? Plants and algae Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. g. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in algae and higher plants that capture energy through photosynthesis.
Tell one way animal cells and bacterial cells are alike? Both: have a cell membrane DNA a cytoskeleton ribosomes Essential knowledge 1. B. 1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
Cholesterol can be called a “temperature buffer” because at higher temperatures (like body temp) it makes the phospholipids _____ less fluid by restraining their movements. less more At lower temperatures cholesterol hinders the close packing of phospholipids so it ____ lowers the temperature required for membranes to solidify. lowers raises Essential knowledge 4. C. 1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2. B. 1, 3. A. 1, 4. A. 2] : LO 4. 22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6. 2]
Identify the organelle these parts are found in thylakoids cisternae chloroplast Golgi bodies cristae Mitochondria https: //s-media-cache-ak 0. pinimg. com/originals/5 e/d 8/01/5 ed 8012 d 3194 a 0 ac 80 a 9 a 56 d 767115 d 9. jpg 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
Image from: http: //bonnevillefp. com/news/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/antibiotics. jpg Many antibiotics that are used to kill bacteria that make us sick work because they interfere with the ability of bacterial ribosomes to make proteins. These antibiotics don’t work on fungal infections. EXPLAIN WHY these antibiotics don’t kill fungi and WHY doctors can’t use medicines that affect fungal ribosomes to treat athlete’s foot fungus in humans. Essential knowledge 1. B. 1. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
Image from: http: //bonnevillefp. com/news/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/antibiotics. jpg Prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes. Antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes don’t affect human host ribosomes so medicine can kill bacteria without harming the host. Fungi are eukaryotes like humans. They have the same size ribosomes that humans have so medicine that would target fungi would also affect the human host’s ribosomes. Essential knowledge 1. B. 1. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
Name an organelle made of microtubules that assists with movement Cilia OR flagella OR CYTOSKELETON What arrangement of microtubules is unique to cilia and flagella? 9 + 2 pattern 9 doublets in ring 2 singles in middle How are eukaryotic flagella different from prokaryotic flagella? Eukaryotes have 9 + 2 pattern; Prokaryotes have single filament Essential knowledge 1. B. 1. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes different? Prokaryotes NO nucleus NO membrane bound organelles DNA in cytoplasm Eukaryotes Have a nucleus Organelles surrounded by membranes DNA in nucleus How are they alike? Have DNA Plasma membrane cytoskeleton ribosomes Essential knowledge 1. B. 1. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
http: //msfeucht. blogspot. com/2010/08/homeostasis-and-lipid-bilayer. html
Animation: https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1 c/Kinesin_walking. gif/220 px-Kinesin_walking. gif Motor proteins interact with the microtubules in cytoskeleton the ______ to move chromosomes or cell parts Peripheral proteins found on the _____ inside or outside surface of cell membranes Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
Compare basic organelles in plant cells vs animal cells PLANTS ANIMALS Have cell wall Have chloroplasts No centrioles One big vacuole NO cell wall No chloroplasts have centrioles small vacuoles Essential knowledge 1. B. 1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
Name an organelle besides the nucleus that has a double membrane and DNA Mitochondria OR chloroplasts How is mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA different from nuclear DNA? Mitochondria and chloroplasts DNA like bacterial DNA= only one circular chromosome Nuclear DNA= multiple paired linear chromosomes 1. B. 1 b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such as • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes
Animation from: http: //www. sp. uconn. edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem. gif Click here to See Fluidity The currently accepted model that describes cell membranes as the arrangement of constantly moving proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer or phospholipids is called the ________ model Fluid mosaic . Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes
Name the storage space that is larger in plants than animals. vacuole Name the molecule that provides the energy for cell activities ATP VOCAB
Cells that have a cell membrane but NOT a nuclear membrane are ________ prokaryotes Name the organelle that acts as the cell’s control center. nucleus VOCAB
ID this kind of transport EXOCYTOSIS INSIDE CELL OUTSIDE CELL Substance is put in a vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE Name an organelle that uses this kind of transport to transport substances Golgi Bodies 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
Name the dark spot in the nucleus of a cell where ribosomal RNA is made. nucleolus Membranes that allow certain molecules to pass through and not others are said Selectively OR semito be __________ permeable. VOCAB
Interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins found outside the cell membrane; made up of glycoproteins, glycolipids, & collagen Extracellular matrix VOCAB
Which part has this function? Digests unwanted substances or cell parts ________ Lysosomes Ribosomes Protein synthesis ______ In plants, stores water, waste, vacuole pigments, poisonous substances ______ Modify, sort, package Golgi body (complex) molecules for transport _______ 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes 4. A. 2. c. 1. Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles) and production of lysosomes 4. A. 2. f. In plants, a large vacuole serves many functions, from storage of pigments or poisonous substances to a role in cell growth. In addition a large central vacuole allows for a large surface area to volume ratio [See 2. A. 3, 2. B. 3]
Images from : http: //www. beckstone. cumbria. sch. uk/images/reception_y 1/elmer/nelly 2. gif https: //ianparberry. files. wordpress. com/2013/02/antwalk. gifhttp: //www. beckstone. cumbria. sch. uk/images/reception_y 1/elmer/nelly 2. gif The cells in an ant and the cells in an elephant are approximately the same size. What is the main advantage of small cell size? Smaller cells have greater surface area/volume ratio allowing for more efficient transfer of oxygen, nutrients, CO 2, and waste across their plasma membranes. Large cells have a greater demand for resources and a harder time getting the nutrients they need fast enough Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment
Which part has this function? Control center of cell ________ nucleus Internal framework provides shape/support, moves cytoskeleton molecules/organelles ______ Intracellular highway Rough ER ______ Interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins with polysaccharides attached that plays role in cell recognition, Extracellular attachment, communication ________ matrix 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
Modified from: Biology in Focus Test your knowledge Use the following choices to answer this ? A. B. C. D. E. D ___ C ___ E ___ B ___ A ___ muscle cells in the thigh muscle of a runner pancreatic cells that manufacture digestive enzymes macrophages that engulf bacteria epithelial cells lining the digestive tract ovarian cells that produce estrogen (steroid hormone) Which Which would would have have more more tight junctions lysosomes smooth ER membrane bound ribosomes mitochondria Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
Which part has this function? Golgi body (complex) Produce lysosomes ________ Membrane bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and release of vacuole cellular waste products ________ chloroplasts Photosynthesis ______ Smooth ER Makes steroids ________ 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes 4. A. 2. c. 1. Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles) and production of lysosome 4. A. 2. f. A vacuole is a membrane bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products.
Tell which part has this function? Makes lipids smooth ER for membranes _________ Regulates calcium levels Smooth ER in muscle cells _______ Found outside the cell membrane for support Cell wall and protection _______ Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
Images from: https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/291/flashcards/1258291/jpg/flagella 1330553470488. jpg http: //www. blopig. com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/centrioles. png Explain how these are structurally different 9 triplets in ring Centrioles ________ 9+2 pattern Cilia & flagella _______ 9 doublets in ring; 2 singles in middle 9 triplets in ring Basal bodies ________ Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
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Animation from: http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/13 -cells. htm http: //www. sk. lung. ca/content. cfm? edit_realword=hwbreathe Tell one difference between cilia and flagella. Cilia- many, shorter Flagella-one or two, longer How are they alike? Found on exterior of cells Help in movement Have 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
The pores in the nuclear envelope provide for the movement of A. proteins into the nucleus B. ribosomes subunits out of the nucleus C. m. RNA out of the nucleus D. signal molecules into the nucleus E E. All of the above Biology in Focus Test your knowledge
Animation from: http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/13 -cells. htm The many short structures on the top of this cell are _____ cilia Cells that have a nuclear membrane eukaryotes are called _____ A ________ molecule has both a amphipathic hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. VOCAB
Image from: https: //s-media-cache-ak 0. pinimg. com/736 x/ba/9 e/95/ba 9 e 9528 c 84022 bb 9 b 0 b 9 a 14 f 4011673. jpg Tell why cells switch their DNA between chromatin and chromosome forms Chromosomes-tightly packed so easy to move during cell division; Chromatin-loosely packed and spread out so it is easier to read and get information when cell is “doing its job” VOCAB
Tell some ways plant cells and bacterial cells are alike Both: have have a cell wall a plasma membrane DNA a cytoskeleton ribosomes Essential knowledge 1. B. 1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of Integral proteins a membrane are called _________ Membrane proteins with carbohydrates attached glycoproteins used in cell are called _______ recognition Maintaining stable internal conditions homeostasis Made of microtubules in a triplet ring forms the base/anchors cilia and flagella Basal bodies VOCAB
Membrane lipids with carbohydrates attached are glycolipids called __________ Small membrane sac surrounded by contractile proteins used to maintain water balance in single cells fresh water organisms Contractile vacuole Small membrane sacs that pinch off cell membrane, ER, or Golgi used for transport vesicle Membrane surrounding large vacuole in plants tonoplast VOCAB
Image fro: https: //image. slidesharecdn. com/07 lecturepresentationpc-121109095825 -phpapp 02/95/cell-membrane-structure-and-function-17 -638. jpg? cb=1352455302 Plants that can tolerate extreme cold have cell membranes with a higher percentage of unsaturated phospholipids with _______ fatty acid tails. SATURATED UNSATURATED Unsaturated fatty acid tails don’t pack together as tightly keeps membrane more fluid Essential knowledge 4. C. 1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2. B. 1, 3. A. 1, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes LO 4. 22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6. 2]
Name a cell part organelle that is made of microtubules Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles, basal bodies Name a cell part surrounded by a double membrane Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts Name a type of cell with a cell wall PLANTS, BACTERIA, FUNGI
According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly A. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane C C. embedded in a lipid bilayer D. randomly oriented in the membrane with not fixed inside-outside polarity E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution Campbell Concept check
Compare basic organelles in animal cells vs bacteria cells? Animal Bacteria eukaryotes No cell wall vacuole nucleus Membrane bound organelles prokaryotes cell wall no vacuole no nucleus No membrane bound organelles no centrioles Centrioles Essential knowledge 1. B. 1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2. B. 3, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1. 15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7. 2]
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