AOPC Report GCOS SC Ken Holmlund Phil Jones

AOPC Report GCOS SC Ken Holmlund Phil Jones and Caterina Tassone September 2017 Hangzhou, China

CONTENT Organisation Actions Observations Other

ORGANISATION Need to raise panel’s member participation through the year § Regular teleconferences with Chairs and Secretariat (ca every 2 weeks) § Full panel webex meetings every three months Interaction between the 3 panels should also be improved, § Teleconference through the year to address the actions which are cross-cutting § Not yet organized AOPC 23: Darmstadt, EUMETSAT 6 – 9 March 2018

NAME Affiliation MEMBERSHIP COUNTRY SPECIALTY/ EXPERTISE MEMBER SINCE Ken HOLMLUND 1 EUMETSAT Finland EO Satellites 2014 Chairman ATTENDANCE Status 2017 STATUS 3 of 3 1 st Duty Cycle will end after 2017 session - Matthew MENNE NOAA/NCDC USA CDRs 2012 5 of 6 Ended - Andreas BECKER GPCC/DWD Germany Precipitation 2012 5 of 6 Ended - Roger SAUNDERS Met Office UK ESA CCI 2012 5 of 6 Ended - James BUTLER NOAA/ESRL USA Atm. composition 2007 9 of 10 Ended 2 Philip JONES (Deputy Chair) University of East Anglia UK Temperature 1999 18 of 18 Extended by SC 23 Until 2018 3 Zhanqing LI University of Maryland, USA Clouds/precip/aerosol processes 2016 1 of 2 1 st Duty Cycle will end after 2018 session 4 Peng ZHANG NSMC/CMA Beijing, China satellites 2016 2 of 2 5 Olga KALASHNIKOVA JPL, California USA aerosols 2016 2 of 2 6 Peter THORNE Maynooth Uni. Ireland UK Upper-Air / Surface refs 2016 2 of 2 7 Shinya KOBAYASHI JMA Japan Reanalysis 2017 2 of 2 8 Elizabeth KENT NOC UK Marine Meteorology 2017 1 of 1 9 Rainer HOLLMANN DWD Germany Remote Sensing 2017 New 10 Imke DURRE NOAA/NCEI USA Applied Clim. 2017 New 11 Dale HURST CIRES/ NOAA ESRL Japan Atm. Composition 2017 New 12 VACANT Clouds/Lightning 1 st Duty Cycle will end after 2018 session 1 st Duty Cycle will end after 2019 session 1 st Duty Cycle will end after 2020 session

MEMBERSHIP AOPC requests: Take note of the termination of the Memberships § Matthew Menne, Andreas Becker, Roger Saunders, James Butler Confirmation of Membership of § Elizabeth KENT, Rainer HOLLMANN, Imke DURRE, Dale HURST Approve filling current open position based on § Clouds and lightning and/or radar § Or radiation

AOPC-22 Exeter (UK) – 27 -31 March 2017 Implementation Plan: § Address atmospheric related actions from IP ECV § ECV requirements (mechanism for maintaining, reviewing and revising ECV requirements-G 10) and review of ECV Observation network (G 13 -IP) • Upper air, Clouds, Radiosondes • Metadata standards GCOS Surface Reference Network Use of weather radar for climatology studies Climate Indicators

AOPC-22 SUMMARY 4 Task Teams established to address IP actions Each atmospheric related action of IP is assigned to a AOPC member, who is responsible to coordinate and report to the panel on the action. ECV stewards : ECV are assigned to a AOPC member who is responsible for reviewing and updating the User Requirements in the IP. Update of progress: webex every 3 months with all panel members.

STATUS OF ACTIONS Actions from the 22 AOPC meeting 23 Actions § 6 completed § 15 Started and ongoing § 2 Not started yet 7 on requirements § ECVs, OSCAR, radiosondes 6 on observations § Cloud and WV profiling, lightning, radar, CATCOS 3 on networks § GSRN, ECV, access 2 on IP § GHG, Identification of experts (Book captains) 5 Various § GCOS-WCRP coop, Open Data Policy, meta data, parallel obs coll.

AOPC-22 ELEVATED ACTIONS Elevated Actions Who When GCOS and WCRP cooperation GCOS Sec January GCOS Secretariat has prepared a 2018 survey to collect requirements for Climate monitoring from the broader community. The survey has now been shared with the WCRP Secretariat for comments and will soon be shared with panels chairs April Completed 2017 GCOS and WCRP secretariats to develop a formal process for collecting observing requirements from the research community. ECV Requirements: Carolin, Caterina Status Write a complete description of the Climate Application Area (Climate monitoring) to be submitted to the other two panels, to be used for the OSCAR/requirements DB OSCAR Requirements: GCOS SC Ongoing Secretariat to discuss with the other Panels t Discussed with OOPC and TOPC. the use of 3 values for the requirements Questions is how many values to table use? 2 or 3?

AOPC-22 ELEVATED ACTIONS Elevated Actions Who Requirements on Cloud Profiling: Ken, Carolin Consider how to bring this up at CEOS and CGMS Meta data standards: When Status Ongoin Done g Updates also provided for WIGOS 2040 Caterin End of C 3 S 311 a Lots a and June Valentin 2017 Facilitate contact with regard to the potential for the Copernicus service to use OSCAR (WIGOS). OSCAR only uses pub 9 as id, but Copernicus needs a larger set of station. Meta data standards: GCOS Secreta AOPC to communicate to the other panels the decision riat to use WIGOS metadata standards and follow up. Set up a joint group to consider an extension for climate records standards that can build up on work already done by the climate CEOS CGMS JWG. Parallel observations collection and analysis effort: GCOS Secreta GCOS sec to raise this issue with other panels riat GCOS SC

STATUS OF ACTIONS Actions from the GCOS IP 40 Actions: § 28 Started and ongoing § 7 Not started yet § 5 for future

Action A 3 Explanation International exchange of SYNOP and CLIMAT reports Status Obtain further progress in the systematic international exchange of both hourly SYNOP reports and daily and monthly CLIMAT reports from all stations Time Frame Continuous, with significant improvement in receipt of RBSN synoptic and CLIMAT data by 2019 Benefit Enhanced holdings data archives Who NMHSs, regional centres in Performa Data archive statistics at coordination/cooperation with nce data centres WMO CBS, and with advice from Indicator AOPC Background Responsible within AOPC: GSNMC, This has to be considered not Andreas Becker only a work of monitoring, but Timeframe/ deliverables: where gaps are found, it requires Annual report and presentation to an action. AOPC 20 th June 20 th Sep. Sent email to Andreas None – send an email to Andreas asking for input (Secretariat)

Action A 4 Surface Observing stations transition to automatic Explanation Follow guidelines and procedures for the transition from manual to automatic surface observing stations Benefit More stable time series Who Parties operating GSN stations for implementation. WMO CCl, in cooperation with WMO CIMO, WMO CBS for review Status Time Frame Ongoing Performance Indicator Implementation noted in national communications and relevant information provided Responsible within AOPC: Phil Jones Background 20 th June 20 th Sep. Timeframe/ deliverables: Annual report and presentation to AOPC, With KNMI report as an example, request from WMO Regional Associations and Technical Commissions any other national and regional reports (and datasets of parallel measurements that might be available). Phil has sent an email to Albert Klein-Tank at KNMI to see if he can get the KNMI document about the transfer to AWSs. No progress for the parallel measurements. The only way we’re likely to make any progress here is to for a letter to go from GCOS to all members, or for this to be raised at Regional Association meetings. Phil has now access to several documents about requirements for the transition and KNMI reports on monitoring the transition. There are several documents also from CIMO and expert teams. Phil will provide to Ken ½ page of summary, which will also mention the need of parallel measurements. Ongoing challenge, despite there being support and documentation on how to manage the change. KNMI report (need details of this). Parallel observations database project being led by Victor (also Victor would like any parallel measurements)

DISCUSSION ON PARALLEL OBSERVATIONS IP ACTION A 4 There are links here to IP Action #6 and also AOPC 22 Action 22/20 Two relevant documents: CIMO Management Group (Thirteenth Session) Work Plan for CIMO Expert Team on Operational In-Situ Technologies (ET-OIST). § There are links to actions within CIMO, CBs and also WIGOS and OSCAR. WMO Guidance Note on ‘Challenges in transition period from conventional to automatic networks for longer-term climate networks. § There are sections on Background, Discussion of practices, maintenance and filtering of observations § The Guidance parts includes a 2 -page section on parallel measurements, but nothing is said about lodging the measurements somewhere. With the parallel measurements, it is assumed that NMSs take these as they are recommended in the WMO/CCL Guidance documents. § Risk these get filed away and eventually lost within NMSs. § A central archive is needed that the NMSs can use (who sets this up).

DISCUSSION ON PARALLEL OBSERVATIONS IP ACTION A 4 Discussion/Recommendation Points for the GCOS SC Guidance is available (or this update will provide) it, but the operative word is Guidance Recommendations are there for many of our surface ECVs. Parallel measurements are suggested (including ways of getting them when they are not, i. e. using more distant as opposed to adjacent instruments). As said, there is no recommendation to lodge these in any central archive. Guidance is also given on homogeneity of records, and of issues with AWSs that could cause problems for the whole network (e. g. changing the observation schedule for the whole network, such as change of time of observation. It is quite easy with automated readings to get a ‘true’ daily mean from midnight to midnight, but most NWSs measure between 6 and 9 am). There also examples of where modern parallel measurements have been made to determine adjustment factors for changes in observing methods and practices decades ago, or in the 19 th century. Useful if a series of slides could be developed for presentation at RA meetings?

Status Action A 10 Incorporating national sunshine records into data centres Explanation National sunshine records should be incorporated into International Data Centres Benefit Better description of surface radiation Time Frame fields Who NMHS Background National sunshine records into Data Centres 20 th June 20 th Sep. Performance Indicator Implement in next 2 years Performance indicator. Sunshine record archive established in international data centres and in analysis centres by 2018 Responsible within AOPC: Timeframe/ deliverables: Future Both for A 10 and A 12: Many data are in private hands and risk to be lost. We need to encourage them to make the data available. Ken to discuss during SC-25 how to convince private sector to share data

Action A 12 Explanation Benefit Who Surface radiation data to the World Radiaiton Data Centre Status Submit surface radiation data with quality indicators from national networks to the WRDC; expand deployment of surface radiation measurements over ocean Expand central archive; data crucial to constrain global radiation budgets and for satellite product validation; Time Frame more data over ocean would fill an existing gap. NMHS and others, in collaboration with WRDC Performance Indicator Data availability in WRDC Responsible within AOPC: Background 20 th June Future Both for A 10 and A 12: Many data are in private hands and risk to be lost. We need to encourage them to make the data available. Ken to discuss during SC-25 how to convince private sector to share data 20 th Sep. Timeframe/ deliverables: Future

Action A 29 Explanation Benefit Who Background 20 th June 20 th Sep. Lightning Status To define the requirement for lightning measurements, including data exchange, for climate monitoring and to encourage space agencies and operators of ground-based systems to provide global coverage and reprocessing of existing datasets Ability to monitor trends in severe Requirements to be defined by Time Frame storms 2017 Update to Annex A for lightning and commitments by space agencies to include lightning Performance GCOS AOPC and space agencies Indicator imagers on all geostationary platforms. Reprocessed satellite datasets of lightning produced. Responsible within AOPC: Timeframe/ deliverables: Talked to CCl and will work in cooperation with them. Task team currently set up. To. R drafted and experts asked. Ken to discuss during SC-25 how to convince private sector to share data

TASK TEAMS Four Task Teams on : The use of Weather Radar for Climate Studies The instigation of a GCOS Surface Reference Network The GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN) Lightning Observations for Climate Applications

TASK TEAM ON THE USE OF WEATHER RADAR FOR CLIMATE STUDIES AOPC-22 (Exeter, UK, March 2017) agreed on the creation of a dedicated task-team for the use of weather radar for Climate studies. Terms of Reference Completed Team setup finalized – Chair Elena Saltikoff (FMI) Kick-off meeting 30 - 31 August 2017 § Work plan done # D 1 Climate Requirements Lead Elena, Andreas Others W. Wright, OSCAR D 2 Archive Inventory Caterina D 3 Guide to storage Bernard D 4 Guide to handle historical data Journal paper BAMS , WMO Bulletin Elena and Bernard and Elena for questions, WRD(Turkey), Dean Lockett, William to review Paul Joe, IPET-OWR TBD after D 2 D 5 Elena, Rainer, Bernard, Andreas All of us + friends, Turkey When *10 November for review * Draft November 2017 * Congress in May 2018 Survey out 1 Jan. Analysis by March (presentation for GCOS) First draft end October To be reconsidered after the D 2 Summer 2018

TASK TEAM ON THE INSTIGATION OF A GCOS SURFACE REFERENCE NETWORK AOPC-22 (Exeter, UK, March 2017) agreed on creation of a dedicated task-team to scope a potential GCOS global surface reference network. The potential for such a network has been proposed by GCOS AOPC and by the Commission for Climatology. § A white paper has been developed by members of the community at the request of these parties, and is to be submitted for publication. § This Task Team is charged with taking this forwards towards practical implementation providing a concrete roadmap as to what would be required and to canvas stakeholders. § Working models on which to base deliberations include the GCOS Reference Upper Air Network, US Climate Reference Network, and Global Cryospheric Watch. Terms of Reference Completed Team setup finalized – Howard Diamond (USA) Kick-off meeting planned 1 – 3 November

TASK TEAM ON THE GCOS UPPER AIR NETWORK (GUAN) AOPC-22 (Exeter, UK, March 2017) agreed on the creation of a dedicated task-team to deliver progress upon a number of actions in the GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS 200) related to the operation and monitoring of the GCOS Upper Air Network: § Reviewing the network requirements; § Assessing and documenting the benefits of meeting stated requirements; § How it contributes as a baseline network in the tiered network framework with GRUAN and the comprehensive network. Draft Terms of Reference completed Team setup – Chair TBC Kick-off meeting planned for 3 - 4 December 2017

TASK TEAM ON LIGHTNING OBSERVATIONS FOR CLIMATE APPLICATIONS AOPC-22 (Exeter, UK, March 2017) agreed on the creation of a dedicated task-team for the use of lightning observations for climate applications. § This has been further discussed with CCl, who have a Task Team on the Use of Remote Sensing Data for Climate that intended also to work on lightning monitoring for climate applications. § As the CCl Task Team never really strted to work on lightning it is now intended to have a joint AOPC/CCl Task Team. Draft Terms of Reference under discussion Team setup under discussion

SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS Satellite-based ECVs Stronger coordination by the CEOS/CGMS Joint Working Group on Climate Requirements consolidation Inventory and gap-analysis draft done § To be used also for mapping ECV data sources

GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS In-situ/ground based ECVs ECV in-situ and reanalysis Data Sources § Table prepared and under review § Coordinated with GEOSS Gaia-CLIM -> maturity of networks (to be used for satellite data)

THE C 3 S 311 A FAMILY 4 contracts 8 million euros 2017 -2021 Lot 1 – data rescue – Met Office lead § Data discovery § Data rescue tools § Data rescue -> repositories Lot 2 – access to global land marine observations – Maynooth lead § Fulfill action A 2 in IP (see also https: //doi. org/10. 1175/BAMS -D-16 -0165. 1 ) - integrated access to land holdings (across ECVs and hourly to monthly) § Collect and integrate wealth of global, regional and national data holdings § Improvements to ICOADS

THE C 3 S 311 A FAMILY Lot 3 - access to baseline and reference observation networks – lead CNR § Baseline and reference networks access § Particular attention to uncertainty quantification § Several atmospheric ECVs and including most GCOS Baseline networks and GRUAN Lot 4 – European data products – lead KNMI § Support for ECA&D § Sustained access and development to E-OBS § AOPC Co-chair participates

OTHER Financing and changes in the global landscape § E. g. GRUAN, ISCCP, ICOADS § C 3 S funding is good, but may have some downsides, e. g. funding projects outside Europe § Funding of observations?

GRUAN Provisional resignation of GRUAN Co-Chair G. Bodeker § Opportunity to review organisation of GRUAN activities § Way forward, including financial support, to be held with Stakeholders including WMO and DWD, GCOS and AOPC

CONCLUSION AOPC work follows the outline of work plan given at last GCOS SC SC is invited to take note and comment on the progress off activities and following specific items: Confirmation of Membership of § Elizabeth KENT, Rainer HOLLMANN, Imke DURRE, Dale HURST Approve filling current open position based on § Clouds and lightning and/or radar, or radiation

CONCLUSION SC is invited Provide Guidance on: Way forward on GRUAN governance Use of OSCAR and parameters (goal/threshold/breakthrough) and approach across all panels Metadata use of WIGOS and Joint WG across all panels Approach across all panels for parallel observations Access to data from private sector o Sunshine, radiation, lightning, etc