Antioxidant Nutrients HLTH 120 N Lecture 10 Objectives

Antioxidant Nutrients HLTH 120 N Lecture 10

Objectives �Understand the process of oxidation & production of free radicals �Recognize the major antioxidant vitamins & minerals and their role in preventing cancer, heart disease, and age related eye disorders �Explain the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant system �Understand the 3 stages in the development of cancer �Identify the difference between modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors for disease �Know the newest known risk factor for heart disease

Why do we need antioxidants? �Compounds that protect cells from damage caused by oxidation �Oxidation �Atoms electrons �Usually an even exchange or 2 unstable electrons pair �Highly unstable Free Radicals form if they do not pair �Free radicals form with � ATP production, immune reactions, radiation, environmental toxins, � Free radical oxygen is considered (ROS).

Cell damage �Free radicals can damage cells �May take an electron from stable molecules one of most significant sights � � Nutrient & fluid transport no longer regulated �LDL, DNA, cell proteins also damaged �Negative effects � , heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, etc.

Antioxidants stabilize free radicals �Vitamins �Stabilize by donating electrons & hydrogen �Minerals �Co in antioxidant systems, convert free radicals to compounds we can excrete �Systems � Superoxide Dismutase: convert to other substances � Catalase: removes H 2 O 2 from body � Glutathione Peroxidase: removes H 2 O 2 & stops free radical damage �Phytochemicals

Vitamin E �Functions as . �Antioxidant, stops ROS production when fat is oxidized. � Protects PUFA’s & LDL �Enhances immune function, cell signaling, gene expression �Improves absorption of Vitamin A �Prevents hemolytic anemia �Food Sources �Fortified cereals, seeds, nuts (almonds) , vegetable oils �Green leafy vegetables, sweet potatoes, broccoli

Deficiency � When? � Fat metabolism disorders � Very low birth weight infants � � Develop disorder of fat metabolism � What? � Neurological Disorders � Genetic spinal disease � Myopathy � muscle fibers do not function, resulting in weakness � Retinopathy Toxicity � May increase risk of bleeding/hemorrhage � muscle fibers do not function, resulting in weakness �UL - 1, 000 mg per day

Food sources and amount of Vitamin E Wheat Germ Oil 1 tbs 20 mg Fruit of 1 Avocado 12 mg Tomatoes 11 mg Sunflower Seeds, ¼ cup 8. 3 mg Hazelnuts, 1 oz 4. 3 mg Peanut Butter, 2 tbs 2. 9 mg Canned Blue Crab, 1 cup 2. 5 mg Mango, 1 fruit 2. 3 mg Peanuts, Dry Roasted, 1 oz 2. 2 mg Olive Oil, 1 tbsp 1. 9 mg Almonds, 1 oz= 7. 4 mg Spinach, 1 cup cooked 6. 7 mg

Vitamin C �Metabolic Functions � Antioxidant � Protects LDL, lungs, white blood cells, stomach cells � Regenerates vitamin E; gains electrons from GSH � Synthesizes. �RDA � Found in many food sources naturally � Possible for most people that eat a balanced diet to meet to RDA � Smokers have 35 mg higher recommendation � Who else needs more?

• Food Sources �Fruits and vegetables are the best source �Fruits and vegetables that are high in vitamin C � , potatoes, strawberries, tomatoes, kiwi, broccoli, spinach, and other leafy greens, cabbage, green and red peppers, and cauliflower � • destroy vitamin C Steam & Stir-fry to compromise the least

�Deficiency – _______ �Collagen is too unstable to function �Brown spots on the skin, spongy gums & bleeding from all mucous membranes �Symptoms could be completely reversed by additional supplementation of only 10 mg/day �Toxicity �Excess excreted in the urine; �UL is 2000 mg/day � Increased risk of toxicity. formation of kidney stones � Indigestion, especially on an empty stomach � Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, flushing, headache, fatigue

BETA-CAROTENE Pro-vitamin A Inactive form, the body must convert it Carotenoids Fat-soluble plant pigments that the body stores in liver & adipose

Metabolic Functions Antioxidant & Immune-Enhancing Activity • Anti-carcinogenic and anti-aging • Especially protects lipid cells/cell membranes Prevents Vitamin A Deficiency • Beta-carotene converts into retinol, active vitamin A. Promotes Proper Cell Communication • Ability to stimulate cell to cell communication Essential for normal growth and development, immune system function, and vision; decreases risks of certain cancers

DEFICIENCY & TOXICITY ISSUES • No specific deficiency symptoms • Can cause symptoms associated Vitamin A deficiency. • Excessive Intake: • Reversible and harmless NEEDS & SOURCES • No RDA for pro-vitamins • Found in red, orange, yellow & deep green produce :

Vitamin A � 3 forms in the body �Retinol is produced by β-carotene �Attached to Fatty Acids in foods, transported in chylomicrons � 90% stored in liver �Measured in RAE, RE, IU �Only found in animal products �Liver, eggs, whole-fat and reduced-fat dairy

Functions �Antioxidant �Scavenge free radicals to protect LDL from oxidation � Decreases heart disease & cancer �Vision �Forms proteins in the retina of the eye � Essential to reactions to brightness and color vision �Cell differentiation �Critical for cells to mature and perform specific function �Organ development & immune cells �Reproduction & bone growth

Toxicity Deficiency �At 3 -4 x the RDA usually due to. �Birth defects & miscarriage, fatigue, blurred vision, hair loss, bone pain, liver & nervous system damage �A serious concern in preschool aged children �Acne treatment with vitamin A derivative � _________ � 250, 000 -500, 000 suffer permanent blindness each year �Night & color blindness �Poor growth & cell function �Hyperkeratosis � Excess keratin buildup

Selenium �Found in varying amounts in soil �Contained in 2 amino acids in our bodies (stored & active) �Needed for production of thyroxine hormone �Aids in immune function �Best known for role in glutathione peroxidase (GSH) system, one our major antioxidant defense systems � Reduces hydrogen peroxide & stops free radical production. � Lowers production of inflammatory markers

Selenium Intake �Only needed in little amounts to maintain health �Sources �wheat, organ meats, seafood, foods grown in soil Too much? -brittle hair/nails -skin rashes -nausea -vomiting -weakness -cirrhosis of liver Not enough? -impaired immunity -infertility -depression -impaired cognition -muscle pain and wasting

Related Deficiency Disorders �Kashin-beck disease: cartilage disorder -results in deforming arthritis �Keshan disease: heart disorder caused by deficiency -found in children in China -soil depleted of selenium -prevention= supplementation �Higher rates of some forms of cancer

Other antioxidant minerals �Superoxide dismutase system �Copper, Zinc, Manganese �Catalase System �Iron

Cancer �Group of diseases characterized by cell growth that is “out of control” �Aggressive invasion of tissues & organs �Tumors �Mass of undifferentiated cells with no function �Benign or malignant � 3 Stages of development �Initiation �Propagation �Progression mutation of cells divide spreads to other sites

5 Modifiable Risk Factors � 1) � 40+ carcinogenic compounds � 2) �Alcohol, fat, cured meat �Phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals � 3)Infectious Agents �Bacterial infections (H. Pylori)

� 4) �Most common form of cancer in US is . �Damage DNA of immature cells, which are then uncontrollable �Risk doubles after 5+ sunburns �Tanning before 35 ↑ risk of most invasive by % �Nonmelanoma & melanoma � 5)Physical Inactivity �Sedentary life increases risk of colon & other cancers �Moderate-vigorous exercise = 20 -30% ↓ risk

Antioxidants can prevent cancer �Enhance the immune system �Destroy & remove precancerous cells �Inhibit cancer and tumor cell growth �Prevent oxidative damage to DNA �Scavenge free radicals to stop chain reactions � Eating whole foods (fruits, grains, vegetables) ↓ risk

Antioxidant Supplements & Risk �Research is controversial: association is unclear �Vitamin E supplements may reduce risk for prostate, colon, and rectal cancer & may increase for stomach �β-carotene may increase lung & prostate cancer in smokers �Selenium found to reduce prostate, colon, lung �Supplementing with β-carotene, E, and selenium reduces cancer mortality

Cardiovascular Disease �Encompasses all disease of the heart & blood vessels � 5 Major risk factors: � Also low HDL, diabetes, family history �Newly identified risk factor � �Weakens blood vessel plaque � More likely to burst causing heart attack & stroke

Inflammatory Markers �C-Reactive Protein levels indicate inflammation �w/ high cholesterol, ↑ heart attack by 9 x � Vitamin E & lycopene �Reduce vessel damage & inflammation � Vitamin E supplements may reduce death by heart disease in smokers

Age-related vision impairment � �Leading cause of blindness in 55+ �Macula is central part of retina �No known cure for reduction in site � �Damaged lens causes cloudiness �Surgery can treat light insensitivity �Antioxidant cocktail of Vitamin C & E, zinc & β- carotene can reduce progression