Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity Fifteenth Edition Conrad Phillip
- Slides: 32
Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity Fifteenth Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak University of Michigan Mc. Graw-Hill © 2013 Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
C H A P T E R WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? 1 -2
WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? • • • Human Diversity General Anthropology The Subdisciplines of Anthropology and Other Academic Fields Applied Anthropology The Scientific Method 1 -3
WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? • What distinguishes anthropology from other fields that study human beings? • How do anthropologists study human diversity in time and space? • Why is anthropology both scientific and humanistic? 1 -4
HUMAN DIVERSITY • Anthropology: study of human species and its immediate ancestors • Uniquely comparative and holistic: study of the whole of the human condition—past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture • Cultures: traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them 1 -5
ADAPTATION, VARIATION, AND CHANGE • Adaptation: process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses • Humans adapt using biological and cultural means 1 -6
ADAPTATION, VARIATION, AND CHANGE • Rate of change accelerated during past 10, 000 years • Foraging was sole basis of human subsistence for millions of years • It took only a few thousand years to develop food production: economy based on plant cultivation and/or animal domestication • Spread of industrial production profoundly affected human life 1 -7
RECAP 1. 1: Forms of Cultural and Biological Adaptation (to High Altitude) 1 -8
GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY • General anthropology: academic discipline of anthropology, also known as “four-field” anthropology, includes: • Sociocultural (cultural anthropology) • Archaeological • Biological • Linguistic 1 -9
GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Developed as scientific field in U. S. • Early American anthropologists studying native peoples of North America combined studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits in the 19 th century 1 -10
GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Subdisciplines explore variations in time and space • Influence each other • Sound conclusions about “human nature” cannot be derived from studying a single nation, society, or cultural tradition 1 -11
CULTURAL FORCES SHAPE HUMAN BIOLOGY • Biocultural: combining biological and cultural approaches to a given problem • Culture is key environmental force determining how human bodies grow and develop • Cultural standards of attractiveness and propriety influence participation and achievement in sports 1 -12
THE SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY • • Cultural anthropology Archaeological anthropology Biological, or physical anthropology Linguistic anthropology 1 -13
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences • Ethnography: fieldwork in a particular culture; provides an account of that community, society, or culture • Ethnology: comparative, cross-cultural study of ethnographic data, society, and culture 1 -14
RECAP 1. 2: Ethnography and Ethnology— Two Dimensions of Cultural Anthropology 1 -15
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Study of human behavior and cultural patterns and processes through culture’s material remains • Artifacts (potsherds, jewelry, tools) • Garbage • Burials • Remains of structures 1 -16
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Many archaeologists examine ecology: study of interrelations among living things in an environment • Paleoecology looks at ecosystems of the past • Possible to infer cultural transformations • Reconstruct behavior patterns and lifestyles 1 -17
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Archaeologists also study the cultures of historical and living people • Historical archaeology combines archaeological data with textual data to reconstruct historically known groups • Rathje’s “garbology” shows that what people report may contrast with their real behavior 1 -18
BIOLOGICAL, OR PHYSICAL, ANTHROPOLOGY • The study of human biological variation in time and space 1 -19
BIOLOGICAL, OR PHYSICAL, ANTHROPOLOGY • • • Human evolution (paleoanthropology) Human genetics Human growth and development Human biological plasticity Biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of monkeys, apes, and other nonhuman primates (primatology) 1 -20
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY • Study of language in its social and cultural context across space and time • Historical linguists reconstruct ancient languages and study linguistic variation through time • Sociolinguistics: investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation 1 -21
ANTHROPOLOGY AND OTHER ACADEMIC FIELDS • Anthropology is a science: study that seeks reliable explanations with reference to the material and physical world • Unique blend of biological, social, cultural, linguistic, historical, and contemporary perspectives • Also linked to humanities 1 -22
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY • Cultural anthropology and sociology share an interest in social relations, organization, and behavior • Initially, sociologists focused on industrial West, anthropologists on nonindustrial societies • Different methods of data collection and analysis emerged • In many areas and on many topics, anthropology and sociology are converging 1 -23
ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY • Psychological anthropology studies crosscultural variations in psychological traits • Malinowski’s study of Trobriand Islanders of the South Pacific suggested modifications in Freud’s Oedipus complex theory 1 -24
Figure 1. 1: Location of Trobriand Islands 1 -25
APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY • Application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems • Usually called public archaeology 1 -26
APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY • Includes cultural resource management, contract archaeology, public educational programs, and historic preservation • Cultural resource management (CRM): decide what needs saving, and preserve significant information about the past when sites cannot be saved 1 -27
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • Anthropology a humanistic science • Ethnology a comparative science • Attempt to identify and explain cultural differences and similarities • Compare, contrast, and make generalizations about societies and cultures 1 -28
THEORIES, ASSOCIATIONS, AND EXPLANATIONS • Theory: a set of ideas formulated to explain something • Association: observed relationship between two or more measured variables • Hypotheses: suggested but as yet unverified explanations • In social sciences, associations usually stated in form of probability 1 -29
THEORIES, ASSOCIATIONS, AND EXPLANATIONS • Theories suggest patterns, connections, and relationships that may be confirmed by new research • Hypothesis testing should be done using a sample of cases that have been selected randomly from some statistical universe 1 -30
WHEN MULTIPLE VARIABLES PREDICT • How has variable exposure to television affected Brazilians? • Current viewing level and length of home TV exposure • Strong correlation between liberal social views and current viewing hours • Stronger correlation between years of home viewing by individuals and liberal social views 1 -31
RECAP 1. 3: Steps in the Scientific Method 1 -32
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