Antebellum Revivalism Reform Reform movement came about because

Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

Reform movement came about because of the Market Revolution 1. Led by the Middle Class 2. Belief in the goodness of human nature 3. Moralistic

The Second Great Awakening 1790’s-1830’s • 2 nd Religious Revival Movement in the U. S. • Stressed salvation through personal faith – Redemption

The Second Great Awakening Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Education Abolitionism Asylum & Penal Reform Women’s Rights

The “Burned-Over” District • An area in Upstate & Western NY state nd G. A. • Heavily evangelized during the 2 • There was no more “Fuel” to “Burn” b/c everyone had converted • New religious movements began in this area

The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) § 1823 Golden Tablets § 1830 Book of Mormon § 1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL Joseph Smith (1805 -1844)

The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) • After his death, Brigham Young became the new leader Brigham Young (1801 -1877) • Mormons faced persecution b/c of their beliefs – Polygamy – Cooperative Communities

The Mormon “Trek” § Desert community would become their “Zion” § Salt Lake City, Utah founded in 1847 § Utah did not become a state until 1896 b/c of Mormon beliefs

B. Utopian Communities

What is a Utopian Community? • A group that pulls away from society to form a “perfect” community • Formed to counteract the economic & social evils caused by the Market Revolution • About 100 formed – All were Cooperative – Socialist/Communist in nature – Gender roles neutralized – Some founded around religion

The Shakers • • • Religion was the focus Life should be dedicated to finding perfection Segregated men and women Believed in celibacy Live a simplistic lifestyle

The Oneida Community New York, 1848 e Millenarianism --> the nd 2 coming of Christ had already occurred. e Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. • all residents married to each other – “Complex Marriage” John Humphrey Noyes (1811 -1886) • carefully regulated “free love”

Brook Farm • Transcendentalist Utopian farm • Formed in West Roxbury, MA • Was influential to writers like Thoreau & Hawthorne George Ripley 1802 -1880

New Harmony, IN • To deal with poverty socialist communities should be established • All families work & live together Robert Owen 1771 -1858

Institute Building in the U. S • During the 1830’s and 1840’s the U. S. began a program of institute building : – Jails for debtors and criminals – Poorhouses for the destitute – Orphanages for children without families

Dorthea Dix • Mentally insane were placed in prisons and abused • No assistance given • Dix was an advocate to improve their treatment • 1849: 1 st Asylum established to treat the insane • By 1860 28 states

Consumption of Alcohol • Alcohol seen as one of the biggest problems of society • Mainly a problem for men – “Demon” Rum, Cider, Whiskey – Beer (when the Germans arrive) • Problem? – Wasted Money – Domestic Abuse

American Temperance Society • • Founded in 1826 in Boston, MA Claimed to have 200, 000 members by mid 1830’s Group mainly made up of Women Two methods for ending the evils of alcohol: 1. Advocate a moderate use of alcohol 2. Make alcohol illegal • By 1857, 12 states had made alcohol illegal – ME was the first – Problem: laws found unconstitutional • Successful: alcohol consumption dropped

Horace Mann (1796 -1859) “Father of American Education” e Pushed for a state supported, public educational system e Advocated dividing children up by “Grades” and having a uniform curriculum in all schools e Discouraged corporal punishment e Established state teachertraining programs

Educational Reform Religious Training Secular Education e MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * st 1 state to establish tax support for local public schools. e By 1860 every Northern state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

Women Educators e Middle class women now seen as able to have an acceptable job outside of the house e. Established a seminary in NY to train female teachers Emma Willard (1787 -1870) e 1837 she established Mt. Holyoke [MA] as the first college for women. Mary Lyons (1797 -1849)

Early 19 c Women 1. 2. 3. 4. Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor. Single could own her own property. Married no control over her property or her children. 5. Could not initiate divorce. 6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

“Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” e A woman’s “sphere” was in the home e Her role was to “civilize” her husband family. e Four Cardinal virtues: 1. Piety 2. Purity 3. Submission 4. Domesticity

Women’s Rights Many women believed that their roles in other reform movements should lead to an expansion of their rights Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2 nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Angelina Grimk é Sarah Grimk é e Southern Abolitionists

Seneca Falls Convention • 1 st women’s rights convention • Held in July 1848 • Stanton read Declaration of Sentiments • Outlined that women & men should be equals • However, no real changes until after WWI

Early Movements • 1816: American Colonization Society founded • Did not believe that freed slaves could achieve equality in the U. S. • Established Liberia in Africa

William Lloyd Garrison • Wanted immediate emancipation with NO compensation. • Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue. • Began militant abolitionist movement in the North Premiere issue January 1, 1831