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Announcements u Sign-up – Class list – Official registration – Course Syllabus ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3

ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1 B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE u A. INTRODUCTION: Practical Questions – – – What constitutes the atmosphere? What can we learn about the atmosphere? Why do we want to know about it? ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4

Earth-rise over Moon Apollo 8 22 Dec 1968 NASA-JSC ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5

B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS u Uniqueness of Planet Earth – Water Planet – The planet with life u Subsystems or Components of Planet Earth System – – – Lithosphere (Geosphere) Atmosphere Hydrosphere Cryosphere Biosphere (& Anthrosphere) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8

B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS u. Uniqueness of Planet Earth Water Planet – The planet with life – ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9

Components of Planet Earth System NASA Apollo 17 (Dec 1972) ATMOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE (Geosphere) BIOSPHERE (& ANTHROSPHERE) HYDROSPHERE CRYOSPHERE ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 10

u Interactions within System – – Weathering Hydrological cycle ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 From Geog. 101 UW-Stevens Point 11

C. SURVEY of PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE u Importance of Earth's atmosphere – – – u Moderates temperature of planet; Shields life from harsh space environment; Provides life with water, oxygen, etc. Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere – – About 100 km (62 mi) thick; Compare with 6370 km (3950 mi) earth radius; but. . ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 12

100 km ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 14

SUNRISE FROM SPACE From STS-47 (JSC-NASA) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 15

C. SURVEY OF PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (con’t) u Importance of Earth's atmosphere u Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere u Comparison with other components of Earth System ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 16

ESTIMATED MASSES of EARTH SYSTEM COMPONENTS [Source: J. Y. Wang, 1975] ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 17

D. WEATHER-CLIMATE ELEMENTS u What we need to Know – Weight (mass), Energy, Constituents, Motion of Atmosphere at a given time. u Observed Weather-Climate Elements From pages 7 & 8 of text: – – – AIR PRESSURE AIR TEMPERATURE (Max. & Min Temps) ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY (Rel. Humidity & Dewpoint) PRECIPITATION (24 -hr totals) CLOUD TYPE, AMOUNT (Sky Cover) WINDS (SPEED & DIRECTION) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 18

MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER u Sky/Weather LGT RAIN u Temperature 69 u Dew Point 65 u Relative Humidity 86% u Wind S 9 u Pressure 1010. 5 mb

E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE u Surface vs. Aloft – – – Locations Problems Need for standardized & synchronous observations u Surface Weather Station – – Human observer, Thermometers, barometers, rain gauges, wind instruments, etc. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 20

Traditional Surface Weather Station (See Fig. 2. 8, Moran (2002)) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 21

Automated Weather Station (ASOS) (See Fig. 2. 7, Moran (2002)) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 22

NWS & FAA Automatic Weather Stations ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 23

Automated Weather Buoy ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 24

First Order Stations & Cooperative Observer Network (National Climate Data Center, 2001) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 25

Locations of NWS Forecast Offices Fig. 2. 6 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 26

E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE (con’t. ) u. Weather Aloft: Other Observation Tools/Platforms – Need for FRugged instruments FRemote sensing ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 27

Manned Balloons (18 th & 19 th Centuries) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 28

Weather Kites (ca. 1894) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 29

Aircraft Weather Observations (ca. 1934) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 30

Radiosonde ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 31

Inflation of a radiosonde balloon See Pg. 27 -28 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 32

Radiosonde prepared for launch See Pg. 27 -28 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 33

Radiosonde (con’t. ) See Pg. 27 -28 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 34

Radiosonde launched See Pg. 27 -28 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 35

Radiosonde (con’t. ) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 36

Computer display of sounding at NWS Office See Pg. 27 -28 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 38

NWS Upper Air Network See Fig. A. 2 Moran (2002) GCOS = Global Climate Observing System ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 40

Stratospheric Balloons ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 41

Meteorological Rockets (Rocketsondes) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 42

Weather Radar See Pg. 157 -160 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 43

Principles of Weather Radar (in reflectivity mode) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 44

Weather Radar (con’t. ) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 45

Weather Radar (con’t. ) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 46

NWS Radome See Fig. 7. 19 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 47

Radar Display Console From J. M. Moran & WES Project of AMS ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 48

Radar Display in Reflectivity Mode ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 49

Principles of Weather Radar (in velocity or Doppler mode) See Fig. 7. 21, Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 50

Radar Display in Doppler Mode Van Wert, OH tornado 10 Nov 2002 from Ft. Wayne, IN NWS Doppler Radar ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 51

NWS DOPPLER RADAR SITES (See also Fig. 2. 6, Moran (2002)) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 52

Current NWS Radar Reflectivity ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 53

Composite National Radar Image See Fig. 1. 11 – Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 54

Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 55

See Fig. 1. 6 – Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 56

Early GOES Satellite ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 57

Geosynchronous Satellite Imaging Field of View ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 58

ATS-III in 1968 ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 59

Recent GOES Satellite ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 60

GOES-11 in 2000 ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 61

Nighttime lights from DMSP Satellites ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 62

Visible vs. IR Images ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 63

Current Visible Satellite Image White = Reflective Clouds Dark = Low reflection oceans Dark = Night See Fig. 1. 8 – Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 64

Current Infrared Satellite Image White = Cold Clouds Dark = Warm Surface ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 See Fig. 1. 9 – Moran (2002) 65

Current Water Vapor Satellite Image White = Moist, rising air & Clouds See Fig. 1. 10 – Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 66

Man Computer Data Acquisition System (Mc. IDAS) at SSEC/UW-Madison ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 67

See Fig. 1. 7 – Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 68

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 69

TIROS in 1960 s ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 70

TIROS I (1960) vs. NOAA 15 (2000) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 71

Polar Orbiting (POES) Satellite NOAA-M Summer 2002 GFSC-NASA ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 72

Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 73

MODIS in 2000 (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 74

MODIS ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 75

Wind Profiler (FSL) See Pg. 186 Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 76

Wind Profiler Network (FSL) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 78

Current Wind Profile at Blue River, WI ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 79

F. VISUALIZING THE WEATHER: THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP u Meaning of synoptic weather analysis synoptic: “syn” = same + “optic” = to see u Goal of synoptic weather analysis u Requirements for synoptic weather analysis – Same time of observation – Uniform instruments & observation techniques – ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 80

MAP of TIME ZONES ( from U. S. Naval Observatory, 1996) See pg. 14, Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 81

F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t. ) u Historical perspective – First weather map in 1819 of 1783 Storm; – Early U. S. Weather maps in 1870’s. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 82

Surface weather map Sep. 1872 ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 83

NWS Surface weather map June 2004 ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 84

F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t. ) u Interpretation of modern surface weather maps where. . . ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 85

Sample Modern Weather Map Figure 1. 3, Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 86

ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F Pressure systems – Isobars (“iso” + “bar”) – Highs & Lows F Winds – Circulation around Highs & Lows – The “Hand-twist Model” ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 87

Map View of Flow around High Pressure Fig. 1. 3 A, Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 88

Air Converging Aloft See Fig. 8. 20, Moran (2002) H ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 89

Map View of Flow around Low Pressure Fig. 1. 3 B, Moran (2002) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 90

Air Diverging Aloft Fig. 8. 21, Moran (2002) L ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 91

ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F Pressure systems F Winds F Clouds F Mainly around lows F Temperature Patterns – Isotherms (“iso” + “therms”) F Fronts – Cold fronts, warm fronts & stationary fronts ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 92

Warm Front ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 93

Cold Front ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 94

Stationary Fronts ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 95

Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 96

Reflective Clouds Current Visible Satellite Image ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 97

Current Temperatures (°F) & Isotherms (“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature) ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 98

Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 99

Rule of Thumb! Weather Systems move: u. From West to East in midlatitudes but … u. From East to West in tropics ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 100

Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 101

Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 102

Tomorrow AM Forecast Map ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 103