Announcements n Streaming media feedback Announcements n First
Announcements n Streaming media feedback
Announcements n First test next Wednesday ¨ In n class, Wednesday, January 26 th Bring a blue book (do not write your name on it) ¨ Review opportunities Lecture, Monday, January 24 th n CLUE, Thursday, January 20 th n
First Test Next Wednesday n Format ¨ Multiple Choice ¨ Theory Identification ¨ Short Answer ¨ Essay 20% 20% 40%
First Test Next Wednesday n Content to be tested ¨ Concepts n n State Development ¨ ¨ ¨ Theories n n ¨ Political Economic Modernization Dependency Statism Neo-liberalism Case n Britain ¨ ¨ ¨ Political and economic development Parliamentary system Electoral system
First Test Next Wednesday n Sources of information to be tested ¨ Lecture ¨ Syllabus material ¨ Class exercises ¨ Shared section content
Industrial Revolution in Britain n Industrial Revolution ¨ Defined by shift from human/animal power sources to inanimate energy sources
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation n Private property rights ¨ Enclosure movement in agriculture ¨ Statute of Monopolies
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation n Free markets ¨ Land ¨ Labor ¨ Capital
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? n Are there free markets in land, labor, and capital? ¨ Is there a natural “propensity to truck, barter, and exchange” land?
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation? n Behind the “free” market and private property rights in land is state coercion ¨ Enclosure movement
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation? n British Industrial Revolution ¨ Based n on mercantilism Generation of wealth for the purpose of state power
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation? n British Industrial Revolution ¨ Mercantilism and British colonies
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation? n British Industrial Revolution ¨ Based n on mercantilism British crown chartered companies backed up by military force to generate revenue from colonies ¨ ¨ East India Company Virginia Company
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation? n Based on mercantilism ¨ British n n colony in India Raw materials like cotton Market for British textiles ¨ British colonies in North America n n Another source of cotton for textile industry Tightly linked to Atlantic slave trade
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation n Free market account of British industrialization ¨ Remember Adam Smith n n n ¨ Free markets Specialization Division of labor Assessment n n n Reflect some dynamics within Britain itself Ignores Britain’s exploitation of its colonies Ignores coercion of state against peasants
Full Democracy in Britain n Recall the definition of democracy
Definition of democracy n Political Rights ¨ Opportunity to participate in choice of political leaders ¨ Voting rights ¨ Right to run for office n Civil Liberties ¨ Freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion ¨ Trial by jury ¨ Protection against cruel government action 17
Full Democracy in Britain n Today, focus on voting rights ¨ When did full male suffrage occur? ¨ When did universal suffrage occur?
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise ¨ 1918 n universal male suffrage Also women over 30 ¨ 1928 full female suffrage 19
Full Democracy in Britain n Modernization theory ¨ Predicts that early and late modernizers would go through a similar process. ¨ Economic development civic culture values democracy 20
Britain as portrayed in “Remains of the Day” circa 1930 n What attitudes portrayed by ¨ Lords (1930 s) n ¨ Mr. Stephens (1930 s) n ¨ Scene 17 “Common Man Interrogation” Scene 17, others Pub-goers (1950 s) n Scene 18 “Lift”
Britain as portrayed in “Remains of the Day” circa 1930 n Think about Lipset's implications of modernization and Inglehart's "civic culture" attitudes. ¨ Lipset n n “Education presumably broadens man’s outlook, enables him to understand the need for norms of tolerance, restrains him from adhering to extremist doctrines, and increases his capacity to make rational electoral choices. ” p. 272 “The poorer a country and the lower the absolute standard of living of the lower classes, the greater the pressure on the upper strata to treat the lower as vulgar, innately inferior, …Consequently, the upper strata tend to regard political rights for the lower strata, particularly the right to share power, as essentially absurd and immoral. ” p. 276
Full Democracy in Britain n Achieving universal suffrage ¨ Real n struggle Even in countries we think of as having immutable democratic cultures and long-standing democracies 23
Full Democracy in Britain Modernization theory claims that “civic culture” values and attitudes lead to democratic institutions n 24
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Modernization Theory: Critical Perspective n Question ¨ Is a democratic, “civic culture”—feelings of interpersonal trust, life satisfaction, political competence—something Britons always had, or is it something that people gained as they lived under democratic institutions? 26
Democracy in Britain n “Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships” ¨ Muller and Seligson ¨ American Political Science Review (Sept ‘ 94) 27
Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships Data from 27 countries including Britain, Japan, and Mexico from our 6 cases n World Values Survey data available beginning in 1981 n Lack data from early 20 th C n 28
Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships n “Variables included under the rubric of civic culture (trust, satisfaction, competence) do not have statistically significant effects on change in democracy. ” n “A country’s long-term experience of democracy… has a positive effect on the percentage of the general public with a high level of interpersonal trust. ” n “…the institutional opportunities for peaceful collective action afforded by democratic regimes could be expected to promote relatively high levels of interpersonal trust. ” 29
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise n Indeed, the attainment of universal suffrage was a long and sometimes violent struggle.
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise n Reform Act of 1832 and subsequent reforms ¨ Reflection of shifting economic power due to industrialization Sketch of massive workers’ demonstration in 1866 for electoral reform 31
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise n Universal male suffrage 1918 (and women over 30) ¨ Reflection of rise of working class n Union strikes, marches ¨ Reflection WW I n of impact of Soldiers and women workers 32
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise n Full female suffrage 1928 33
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise n Labour Party founded 1906 ¨ Roots in trade union movement of late 19 th C ¨ Goal to give working class voters representation in parliament ¨ Grew to become major challenger of Conservative Party 34
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise n Electorate as Share of Adult Population Year 1831 1868 1914 1921 1931 Percent 4. 4 16. 4 30. 0 74. 0 96. 6 Labour Party (founded 1906) share of vote Year Percent 1907 1921 1945 7. 5 22. 2 48. 3 35
Working class and rise of welfare state n Once enfranchised, what do workers care about? ¨ Economic security, well-being 36
Institutions and functions of government expanded n Welfare state—why? ¨ Class power: newly enfranchised working class ¨ War: legacies of World Wars I and II ¨ Crisis: legacy of Great Depression of 1930 s ¨ Ideas: emergence of Keynesian economics 37
Class politics and rise of welfare state n n Once enfranchised, what do workers care about? Economic security, well-being The welfare state emerged in capitalist economies to balance economic efficiency of the labor market with social equality and provision of basic needs Contrast Britain’s legacy as “laissez-faire” state Neo-Marxists view the welfare state as a way to “buy off” worker discontent and diffuse class conflict 38
Institutions and functions of government expanded in the 20 th. C Britain n Welfare state ¨ state guarantees minimum level of socioeconomic welfare and security ¨ Post-WW I Public health care n Public education n Public housing n Some unemployment insurance, old-age pensions n ¨ Post n WW II “National Assistance” (welfare payments, old-age 39 pensions, unemployment insurance)
Rise of the Welfare State in Britain n 20 th C increases in social expenditures by British state ¨ Spending increased as share of GDP 1910 4% 1950 16% 1970 25% 40
(b) Social expenditure as a percentage of GDP, 2003 UK (20. 1%) and selected countries
Institutions and functions of government expanded n Depression-era protectionism ¨ “Death n of free trade’ State control of industry ¨ Post n Railways, mining ¨ Post n WWI WW II Coal, steel, gas, electricity, transportation In the aftermath of WW II, about 20% of productive capacity run by state 42
Institutions and functions of government expanded n Post WW II “Collectivist consensus” around larger state ¨ Conservative n and Labour parties agree BUT consensus broken by economic decline ¨ Oil shock of 1973 ¨ “Stagflation” Inflation n unemployment n 43
Homework: Study Rise of the Welfare State in Britain n Why did the responsibilities of government expand so dramatically in the 20 th-21 st C? ¨ Class power: newly enfranchised working class ¨ War: legacies of World Wars I and II ¨ Crisis: legacy of Great Depression of 1930 s ¨ Ideas: emergence of Keynesian economics 44
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