Announcements First Homework Assignment Due Thursday 14 th

The Seasons Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thought Question Earth is closer to the Sun in summer and farther from the

Thought Question TRUE OR FALSE! Earth is closer to the Sun in summer and

Axis tilt changes directness of sunlight during the year. Why Does the Flux of

Summary: The Real Reason for Seasons • Earth’s axis points in the same direction

How do we mark the progression of the seasons? • We define four special

We can recognize solstices and equinoxes by the Sun’s path across the sky. Summer

Seasonal changes are more extreme at high latitudes. Path of the Sun on the

Phases of the Moon. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why do we see phases of the Moon? • Lunar phases are a consequence

Phases of the Moon • Half of the Moon is illuminated by the Sun

Moon Rise/Set by Phase Time the Moon Rises and Sets for Different Phases Copyright

Phases of the Moon: 29. 5 -day cycle new crescent first quarter gibbous full

Thought Question It’s 9 A. M. You look up in the sky and see

We see only one side of the Moon. Synchronous rotation: The Moon rotates exactly

What causes eclipses? • The Earth and Moon cast shadows. • When either passes

The Cause Of Eclipses Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lunar Eclipse Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

When can eclipses occur? • Lunar eclipses can occur only at full moon. •

Solar Eclipse Evolution of a Total Solar Eclipse Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

When can eclipses occur? • Solar eclipses can occur only at new moon. •

Why don’t we have an eclipse at every new and full moon? — The

Summary: Two conditions must be met to have an eclipse 1. It must be

• Now work on the tutorial Booklet … Page 91 -96 Copyright ©

Slides: 27

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Announcements • First Homework Assignment. • Due Thursday 14 th July, At start of class. • Complete pages 79 to 85 of the Lecture Tutorial book. • There are two sections to be complete. • The causes of the Moon Phases. • Predicting Moon Phases. • This is a double homework so each section will count as a separate homework. • First Mid-term test will be Friday 15 th July. • • It will cover everything we do up to and including Wed 13 th July. It is worth 10% of your grade. Based on in-class questions and lecture tutorial book questions. About 15 questions, 30 minutes long. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thought Question Earth is closer to the Sun in summer and farther from the Sun in winter. A. True. B. False. Hint: During summer in the United States, it is winter in Australia. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thought Question TRUE OR FALSE! Earth is closer to the Sun in summer and farther from the Sun in winter. • • • Variation of Earth–Sun distance is small—about 3%. This small variation is overwhelmed by the effects of axis tilt. Seasons are opposite in the N and S hemispheres. Days are longer during N summer and shorter during S winter. So changing distance from the sun cannot be the reason for the seasons. • The real reason for seasons involves Earth’s axis tilt. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary: The Real Reason for Seasons • Earth’s axis points in the same direction (to Polaris) all year round, so its orientation relative to the Sun changes as Earth orbits the Sun. • Summer occurs in your hemisphere when sunlight hits it more directly; winter occurs when the sunlight is less direct. • Days are longer in Summer, this also means more sunlight in Summer. • AXIS TILT is the key to the seasons; without it, we would not have seasons on Earth. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

We can recognize solstices and equinoxes by the Sun’s path across the sky. Summer solstice: Highest path, rise and set at most extreme north of due east Winter solstice: Lowest path, rise and set at most extreme south of due east Equinoxes: Sun rises precisely due east and sets precisely due west. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Phases of the Moon • Half of the Moon is illuminated by the Sun and half is dark. • We see a changing combination of the bright and dark faces as the Moon orbits Earth. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Phases of the Moon: 29. 5 -day cycle new crescent first quarter gibbous full gibbous last quarter crescent Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. } } waxing • Moon visible in afternoon/evening • Gets “fuller” and rises later each day waning • Moon visible in late night/morning • Gets “less” and sets later each day

Thought Question It’s 9 A. M. You look up in the sky and see a moon with half its face bright and half dark. What phase is it? A. B. C. D. first quarter waxing gibbous third quarter half moon Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why don’t we have an eclipse at every new and full moon? — The Moon’s orbit is tilted 5° to the ecliptic plane. — So we have about two eclipse seasons each year, with a lunar eclipse at new moon and solar eclipse at full moon. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary: Two conditions must be met to have an eclipse 1. It must be a full moon (for a lunar eclipse) or a new moon (for a solar eclipse). AND 2. The Moon must be at or near one of the two points in its orbit where it crosses the ecliptic plane (its nodes). Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.