ANIMALS Animals Definition multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes no cell

ANIMALS

Animals Definition: multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes - no cell walls: support - connective tissue - prevalent mode of nutrition = ingestion - unique tissues: nervous and muscle

TWO Major Branches of Animals Parazoa: structurally simplistic: sponges Eumetazoa: develop true tissues Two Types: - Radiata - radial symmetry - Bilateria - bilateral symmetry - cephalization: head region - cluster of sensory organs

Radial & Bilateral Symmetry

Parazoa Sponges: Porifera - pore bearers - simple body plan - sessile as adults - filter feeders - pores

Parazoa - Porifera Sponge Filtration

Parazoa - Porifera

Spicules Spongin Silica (glass)

Glass Sponge

PHYLUM CNIDARIA: jelly fish, sea anemones, coral - aquatic Structure: Epidermis Gastrovascular Cavity - single opening mouth and anus Cnidoblasts - nematocysts - stinging cells Types: venom, barb, tangling

Cnidaria

Cnidaria

Cnidaria

Cnidocyte and Nematocyst

Youtube - Cnidaria • • • Sea Anemone Nematocyst Firing Jellyfish Swimming Jellyfish Lake Giant Jellies

• Triploblastic: Bilateria – Acoelomates, psuedocoelomates and coelomates

Development of Tissue Layers Ectoderm - develops into outer coverings and nervous system Endoderm - lines digestive tube (archenteron) - associated digestive organs - liver, lungs Mesoderm - third germ (tissue) layer - only in eumetazoa - forms muscles and other organs between endoderm and ectoderm

Coelom Types

Purpose of the Coelom - protection: cushion from shock - space for growth - space for movement - organs can shift - movement: earthworms

Acoelomates Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES: unsegmented flat worms EX: Planaria, Fluke, Tapeworm Ecological: food chain, parasites

Acoelomates • Unsegmented Flatworms • Planaria – Turbellaria Planaria Regeneration Marine Flat Worm

Trematoda - Fluke

Cestoidia - Tapeworm

Pseudocoelomates NEMATODA: unsegmented roundworms - complete digestive tract - use pseudocoelom to move - hydrostatic pressure - also as circulatory system Ecological Roles: - decomposers - aerate soil - pests - parasites - Trichinosis

Nematode • Unsegmented Roundworms

Filiariasis/Elephantiasis

Coelomates: Protostomes MOLLUSCA: snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses, squid Three basic structures muscular foot -movement visceral mass - internal organs mantle - secretes shell - may or may not have shell: external or internal Feeding: Filter Feeding: shell fish - incurrent and excurrent siphons Radula - rasping - tongue-like organ Beak - octopus and squid

Mollusca

Gastropoda - stomach footed - snails and slugs - aquatic or terrestrial - cephalization Bivalvia - clams, oysters, scallops - no cephalization - two shells - foot - digging or anchoring Cephalopoda - head footed - squid and octopuses - foot - head and divided into tentacles - closed circulatory system - all blood contained in veins and arteries - complex brains - learn and behave

Feeding Methods - Radula Slug Feeding http: //youtube. com/watch? v=KB 3 sc. Gais-4&feature=related Snail Eating http: //youtube. com/watch? v=F-SBGWAUbx. A

Feeding Methods - Beak

Cephalopod Videos Octopus and Coconut Giant Octopus II Octopus and Diver Octopus vs. Shark Nova Science Now

ANNELLIDA: segmented round worms - coelom separated into segments by Septum

Annelids - Oligocheta

Earthworm Locomotion – Hydrostatic Compression

Annelids – Hirudinae - Leech

Polychaeta

ARTHROPODA: General Characteristics - Segmented bodies - Exoskeletons of chitin - Jointed Appendages - Gas Exchange: Gills - aquatic Tracheal tubes Book lungs - Ecological: food chain pollination pests parasites

Classification Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites 4 pairs of walking legs lack antenna one or two body segments Spiders: chelicerae - pedipalps webs Respiration: Book Lungs No Antenna

Arachnids - Spiders

Spider Videos • Jumping Spiders: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=UC_g. Xr. C 6 oyshttp: //youtube. com/watch? v=z. Xhdr 0 Tp. Ow. Y • Trapdoor spider http: //youtube. com/watch? v=Zj. Ir 2 lw. G 5 Ug • Web Spiders http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 Jl. LLpa. Ck. I 4 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Eu. T PY 12 k. LS 4

Myriapods: jawlike feeding appendages - mandibles antenna Diplopoda: two pairs of legs per body segment = millipede - vegetarians - decaying vegetation Chilopoda: one pair of legs per body segment = centipedes - carnivorous

Myriapods • Diplopoda • http: //youtube. com/watch? v=kkx. S 6 w. HWOk&feature=related • Chilopoda

Insects: Entomology - most abundant class Body Plan 3 segments: Head: antenna and mandibles Thorax: legs and wings - only flying arthropods Abdomen

NOT THIS

Life cycle - complete metamorphosis - incomplete metamorphosis

Insect Metamorphosis • • • Monarch: Caterpillar Hatching Monarch: Caterpillar to Chrysalis Monarch: Chrysalis to Adult Water Bug Ladybug laying eggs

Crustaceans crabs, shrimp, lobsters, pill-bugs (roly-poly) - 19 pairs of appendages on head, thorax and abdomen - gas exchange: gills or across thin areas of cuticle - copper based blood - sexual reproduction

Crustacean

Echinodermata: - radial symmetric - bilateral larval stage - spiny-skinned animals - hard plates of calcium carbonate under skin - water vascular system - hydraulic canals - push tubed feet - little suction cups - movement and predation - High capacity for regeneration

Echinoderms Sea Star Eating

Phylum Chordata

Classification Superclass Agnatha: jawless fish • cartilaginous skeleton • no lower jaw or paired appendages EX: lamprey NOT Hagfish – lack vertebrae (craniate)

Agnatha

Superclass Gnathostomata I: Jawed Fishes Class Chondrichthyes: cartilagenous fishes • Cartilagenous skeleton • Gills for respiration • Jaws and paired fins – Toothlike Scales – Lateral Line: small organs that sense pressure change EX: sharks and rays

Reproduction: Sexual - internal fertilization Oviparous: lay eggs externally Ovoviparous: retain eggs in oviduct Viviporous: retain eggs in a uterus and nourished via a placenta

Interesting Tid-bits: - floatation - oil stored in the liver Denser than water - sink - move to keep water passing over gills or pump water over gills using jaws and pharynx

Chondrichthyes • Sharks, rays • Shark birth: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Lf. Qg. RCg 1 b. NA • Great White

Osteichthyes: bony fish Skeleton of calcium phosphate Paired fins Bony plate like scales Lateral Line - schooling of fish Operculum: protective flap covering gills - moves water over gills Swim Bladder: internal air sac = buoyancy Reproduction: typically external fertilization - spawning Subclasses: Ray finned fishes: bony rays in fins Lobed finned fishes: fins have bone and muscle in them - includes coelocanth and lungfishes

FISH GRAMMAR: one individual = fish two or more of the same species = fish more than one species = fishes SO: Is it “one fish, two fish, red fish, blue fish. ”, or “one fish, two fishes, red fish, blue fish. ”

• Archer Fish • Angler Fish

Class Amphibia Characteristics: - Mostly External Fertilization of Eggs - parental care usually absent: lots of eggs - parental care present: fewer eggs - requires moist environment for development - egg - no protective coating - respiration: gills, skin or lungs

• • Frog Development Darwin Frogs Fighting

Moving From Water To Land: a few changes Reproduction: Amniotic Egg: - extraembryonic membranes - not part of the embryo Shell: protection - prevent dehydration Albumin: storage of nutrients Yolk: nutrients Chorion: gas exchange Allantosis: waste, gas exchange

Class Reptilia Respiration: Lungs Skin: dry and scaley - plates of keratin - prevent dehydration - protection Reproduction: Leathery Eggs on land: various amounts of parental care Metabolism: generally low - “cold blooded” ectotherms don’t use metabolism to regulate body temperature Three Chambered heart (except crocodilians)

Interesting Bits • The turtle’s shell is actually its spine and ribs. • Chelonia and Crocodilian gender is determined by the temperature of incubation. • Some snakes give birth to young.

Class Aves thought to have evolved from dinosaurs - flying reptiles Characteristics: - Bones: internal, honeycomb structure, “hollow” - very light - less muscle for movement - even lighter - Beaks - no teeth - shape determines diet Golden Eagle -bird’s eyes takes up about 50 percent of its head; our eyes take up about 5 percent of our head. To be comparable to a bird’s eyes, the eyes of a human being would have to be the size of baseballs.

Feathers: keratin Contour: shaft, vein, barbule, and hook Principles of Flight: Bournoulli’s Principle Downy: insulation Body Temperature: Endothermic - high metabolism to maintain body temperature - due to Respiratory System and Four chambered heart

Flight: Bernoulli’s Principle

Reproduction Internal Fertilization Hard shelled eggs High amounts of Parental care (usually) Hornbill Cowbird II Complex mating rituals: nests, displays Bird of Paradise Bower Bird Magpies use shiny objects

Class Mammalia Characteistics: Hair Nurse young - intensive parental care endotherms: high metabolism, four chambered heart Reproduction: internal fertilization - mostly internal development

Classification Monotremes: egg layers - leathery shells - hatch, very undeveloped - nurse - specialized glands that produce milk - no nipples EX: platypus and echidnas (spiny anteaters)

• Platypus

Marsupials: pouch mammals - young born very immaturely - crawl from reproductive tract to the pouch - no assistance from the mother nurses and grows Ex: Kangaroo, Possum, Wombat

• Kangaroo Birth • Wombat

Eutherian - placental mammals - longer period of pregnancy - larger animal = longer gestation - nourished by layers of tissue called placenta in uterus

• Elephant Birth • Whale Cooperation • Whale vs. Shark