Animal Social Behavior Animal Social Behavior levels of

Animal Social Behavior

Animal Social Behavior levels of biological organization?

Is family important?

Animal Social Behavior

Animal Social Behavior Konrad Lorenz W. D. Hamilton V. C. Wynne-Edwards Sewall Wright

Animal Social Behavior genetic relatedness? average proportion of genes shared by common descent between any two individuals “coefficient of genetic relatedness” “r”

Animal Social Behavior How is genetic relatedness determined? Becky -- Steve 0. 5 Charles -- Deborah 0. 5 Chris Jeff Rachel Siblings: 0. 5 parents/offspring: 0. 5 Aunts/uncles with nieces/nephews r = 0. 25 (0. 5 x 0. 5) first cousins r = 0. 125 (0. 5 x 0. 5) 0. 5 Lauren

Animal Social Behavior “indirect selection” “…selection may be applied to the family as well as to the individual…”

Animal Social Behavior • • • Heritable variation differential RS spread of characteristics adaptive behaviors… indirect selection

Animal Social Behavior • Costs, Disadvantages • Benefits, Advantages

Animal Social Behavior • • Costs, Disadvantages competition… diseases, parasites degradation of environment • increased conspicuousness… • Benefits, Advantages • competition… • efficiency of foraging, predation… • avoidance of predation • sharing information • opportunity to modify environment • interaction with genetic relatives