Animal Science Introduction to Animal Science What is

Animal Science Introduction to Animal Science

What is Animal Science? Care, management and production of domestic animals Animals used for food, clothing & tools What was the first domesticated animal? Dog for tracking, then herding

Domestication After animals become domesticated, they become dependent on man Most can’t survive in wild Most poultry can’t fly Sheep don’t shed wool Cows produce 20, 000 lbs milk / year Birds produce 250 eggs / yr. (20 in wild)

Animal Use as Food Meat - (muscle tissue) Beef, Pork, Lamb, Goat, Poultry Most efficient way to get protein Only way to harvest some natural resources like grass Milk - inexpensive source of protein Cheese, ice cream, yogurt Eggs - pastries, mayonnaise, custards

Animal Use as By-Products Bones - buttons, glue, mineral supplement for livestock feed (Calcium) Fat - chemicals, salves, creams, dressings, lubricants, soaps, food Glands - medicines, food additives Collagen - (connective tissue in joints) glue & gelatin Intestinal & Stomach tissue - lunch meats, surgical sutures, strings for musical & sports instruments (contents = fertilizer)

Animals Use as Work Cultivate land Transportation

Control other animals Assist physically & mentally handicapped Rehabilitation of disabled

Other Animal Use Hides - leather Hair - wool, mohair, fiber Lab Animals - mice, rats, guinea pigs etc. Pets

What is the future of Animal Science? Embryo Transplant - can produce 20 calves from one cow per year Cloning - using an animal cell to grow an identical duplicate animal Animal “Pharming” – producing animals to produce drugs and chemicals

Terminology of Animal Science Cow- a female bovine that has had offspring Bull- a male bovine capable of reproducing Heifer- a young female bovine that has not had offspring Steer- a castrated male bovine Calf- a young bovine (less than 30 mo) Calve- the act of giving birth to a calf

Terminology of Animal Science Wean- to remove a young animal from it’s mother Colostrum- nutrient rich milk from the mother following birth Lactation- the period when a female produces milk after a birth Freshen- when a female produces milk prior to giving birth Cull- the act of removing unproductive animals from a group

Terminology of Animal Science Sow- a female hog that has given birth Boar- a male hog capable of breeding Gilt- a young female porcine Barrow- a young male porcine Piglets- very young porcine Farrow- the act of giving birth to piglets Litter- a group of piglets born at one time

Terminology of Animal Science Ewe- a female sheep that has lambed Ram- a male sheep also known as buck Ewe lamb- a young female ovine Whether- a castrated male ovine Lamb- a young ovine Lambing- the act of giving birth to lambs Dock- the act of removing the tail of a young lamb

Terminology of Animal Science Mutton- the meat of sheep animals Shearing- the act of removing wool or mohair from an animal Wool- natural fiber produced by ovines Mohair- a less textured hair usually harvested from goats for fiber Cashmere- a valuable hair from cashmere goats

Terminology of Animal Science Doe- a female goat that has reproduced, also called a nanny Buck- a male goat capable of reproducing Kid- a young caprine Kidding- the act of giving birth to young caprine Chevon- a goat grown for meat

Terminology of Animal Science Mare- an adult female horse Stallion- a male horse capable of reproducing also called a stud Gelding- a castrated male equine Foal- a young equine Colt- a young male equine Filly- a young female equine Draft- a horse produced for work

Terminology of Animal Science Hen- a female chicken Rooster- a male chicken also known as a cock Capon- a castrated male rooster Clutch- a set of eggs being hatched Molt- the act of losing feathers Layers- poultry used to produce eggs Fryers- poultry used for meat

Terminology of Animal Science Pedigree- tracking the ancestors of an animal Breed- a variety of animal with specific traits Breed Association- a group of producers that ensure breed traits Commodity Group- a group of producers producing a similar product

Anatomy and Physiology Skeletal System Made of bone and cartilage Gives the animal structure and flexibility Protects the organs of the animal Joints use tendons and ligaments Marrow in bones produces red blood cells

Types of Bones FLAT

Irregular

Anatomy and Physiology Muscular System Provides movement for animal and supports life Keeps blood flowing and cells living Helps with digestion of food Provides a proteins source for humans Voluntary and involuntary, smooth and striated, and red and white

Anatomy and Physiology Circulatory System Heart and blood vessels Arteries and Veins Provides oxygen and nutrients to each individual cell Removes wastes from the cells

DID YOU KNOW…. A Blue Whale’s heart is the same size as a VW Bug? ?

Anatomy and Physiology Respiratory System Consists of lungs and airways Provides necessary oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream

Anatomy and Physiology Nervous and Endocrine Systems Nervous system is brain, spinal cord, nerves and nerve endings Endocrine system is series of glands that secrete hormones Hormones have chemical effect on body organs

Anatomy and Physiology Digestive System Provides the bloodstream with necessary nutrients to deliver to cells Breaks food into basic nutrients to be used by the body Removes unneeded products Can be simple (monogastric) or ruminant (polygastric)

Anatomy and Physiology Digestive System- Simple Human, Pig, Dog, Horse, Birds Animal ingests food Food is chemically broken down into elements by acid in the stomach Elements are absorbed by intestines Waste is excreted

Anatomy and Physiology Digestive System- Ruminant Cow, Sheep, Goats, Deer Animal ingests food Rumen ferments cellulosic fiber Reticulum filters contents Omasum extracts water in layers Abomasum is true stomach where chemical breakdown takes place

Anatomy and Physiology Reproductive System Ovaries and testes produce cells Female cells are called eggs or ovum Male cells are called sperm Animals mate and cells are combined Each sex cell contributes one half of offspring’s DNA

Pregnancy- carrying a fetus Fertilization-the union of the egg and sperm nuclei Conception- Occurrence of fertilization Ovulation- Release of an ovule from the female Gestation- The time from fertilization or conception of a female until she gives birth

Female Reproductive System

Vulva: Exterior portion of reproductive tract, and opening of reproductive tract, provides visual signs of heat. Vagina: Between vulva and cervix, channel for birth and copulation (cows and ewes, semen is deposited here) Cervix: “Mouth of the womb, ” Divides vagina and uterus and is opening into uterus. (Mares and sows, semen is deposited here). At birth, cervix stretches to allow baby to pass. During pregnancy, cervix become blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection. Uterus: Provides nourishment for fetus

Horns of Uterus: Two branches of uterus. Where fetus grows Fallopian Tube: Where fertilization occurs, lined with cilia which aid in egg migration. Ovaries: Houses all eggs, possess large number of eggs in all stages of development. Produces hormones

Male Reproductive System

Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone Epididymis: Tube connects to testes, collects and stores sperm Vas Deferens: Tube connects to epididymus, transports sperm Penis: Places sperm in female Sperm: Male Reproductive Cell Semen: Fluid that carries sperm

Scrotum: Protects testes and maintains temperature Sheath: Opening of reproductive tract. Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction Cowpers Gland, Prostate Gland, Seminal Vesicle: Produce Semen and provide medium for transporting sperm, adds volume, provides nutrients, cleans and flushes urinary tract

Animal Reproduction Estrous Cycle The cycle of a female producing eggs Can be monoestrous or polyestrous Artificial Insemination Placing sperm from male into female Embryo Transfer Fertilizing many eggs from one female and placing them in host females

Animal Reproduction Pure Breeding specific breeds to the same Usually registered with an association Cross Breeding Mixing breeds for desirable traits Grading Up Breeding purebreds to commercial animals to increase value of offspring