Animal Science II Principles of Animal Nutrition Objective
Animal Science II Principles of Animal Nutrition
Objective n Describe the six functions of a good ration
Rations 1. 2. Maintenance of vital body processes to keep animals alive Growth by increasing size 1. 3. Bones, muscles, organs, tissue Fattening 1. 2. Storing nutrients Not for maintenance or growth
Rations 4. Production n 5. 6. Milk Eggs Wool or hair Reproduction Work n n Other needs must be met first Most U. S. livestock do no work (horses)
Rations n 1/3 to ½ of the ration fed to livestock is used for body maintenance n Maintenance must be met before nutrients are available for other functions
Objective n Define roughage and concentrates in relation to an animal ration
Roughages n Contains more than 18% crude fiber when that are dry Pasture Hay Roughage Silage Legume Hulls Straw
Concentrates n Contains less than 18% crude fiber when they are dry Grains-corn, oats, barley, wheat n By-products n • Wheat bran • Cottonseed hulls
Concentrates n Liquid supplements • Molasses • Urea n Animal proteins • Meat scraps, fish, and blood meal n Plant proteins • Cottonseed meal • Soybean meal • Peanut meal
Objective n Explain the characteristics of a good ration
Good Rations 1. Balanced n 2. Palatable n 3. Has all the nutrients in the right amounts Tastes good Low Cost n Feed is about 75% of the cost of raising livestock
Good Rations 4. Not harmful to the health of animals n 5. Too much cotton seed can cause reproductive problems Uniformly mixed n n Micronutrients- vitamins and minerals Feed additives
Objective n Explain how to properly mix additives in a complete ration
Mixing Additives The main rule that includes all other rules is “read the label” n Mixing is required to provide the correct amounts of additives n n n Clean equipment Keep accurate records on medicated feeds
Objective n Select the appropriate feed additives for the given outcome
Kinds of Feed Additives 1. Antimicrobial Drugs n n 2. Antibiotics and antibacterials Used to control disease Broad-spectrum when the specific disease is unknown Aureomycin and Terramycin Hormones 1. 2. 3. Improve feed efficiency Rate of growth Mainly used for cattle
Kinds of Feed Additives 3. Anthelmintics n n 4. Used to control worms Piperizine and Dichlovos Others n n n Coccidiostats- coccidiosis in poultry Proxaline- prevent bloat in beef cattle Melengestrol of MGA to supress estrus in heifers
Quiz Answers n n n Subtherapeutic Melengestrol Anthelmintics Too slow in its absorbtion of the implant Less than 18% crude fiber Aureomycin n n n MGA Coccidiostats Maintenance More than 18% crude fiber Too fast in its absorption of the implant Proxaline
Quiz 1. 2. 3. Which feed additive is used to control parasites? What type of ration is use to provide animals with enough nutrition to only maintain body functions? What is used to control coccidiosis in poultry?
Quiz 4. 5. 6. Name an antimicrobial drug use for animals. Low level antibiotic use is called… Roughages are considered to have…
Answers 1. 2. 3. Which feed additive is used to control parasites? Anthelmintics What type of ration is use to provide animals with enough nutrition to only maintain body functions? Maintenance What is used to control coccidiosis in poultry? Coccidiostats
Answers 4. 5. 6. Name an antimicrobial drug use for animals. Aureomycin Low level antibiotic use is called… Subtherapeutic Roughages are considered to have… More than 18% crude fiber
Objective n Discuss the general principles in balancing rations
Balancing Rations Balanced to meet the animal’s needs at the least expense n Variety of fresh feeds n More palatable n Easier to balance n n Bulky Filling n Helps in digestion n
Balancing Rations n Slightly laxative n n n Economical n n Improve feed efficiency Prevent constipation price per pound of energy and digestible protein Suitable n n n Roughage for cattle Concentrates for swine and poultry High protein for younger animals
Objective n Identify the rules for feeding various kinds of livestock
Rules for Feeding Livestock n Beef Cattle (fattening) 1 1/2 to 2 lbs. Of air-dried roughage and 2 lbs. of concentrate per 100 lbs. of body weight Example: An 850 pound steer will need approximately: n 12. 75 to 17 lbs. of roughage and n 17 lbs. concentrates n • Total= 30 to 34 pounds of feed
Rules for Feeding Livestock n Cattle (maintenance) mainly roughage n air dried roughage should be ~2% body weight (1. 8 dry matter) n Cows nursing calves should be fed 50% more than dry cows Example: A 1, 213 pound cow should be fed about 24 pounds (1213 X. 02= 24. 26) n
Rules for Feeding Livestock n Swine depends on size and age of the animal n depends on nursing n Pigs under 50 pounds and nursing sows need more protein than market hogs n n Poultry n The ration is 10% of body weight
Finding Nutritional Information Called feeding standards n Metric vs. English n to convert kg to lb n multiply kg by 2. 2 n a 40 kg steer will weigh 88 lbs. n n ME- metabolizable energy intake
Reviewing Objectives Describe the six functions of a good ration n Define roughage and concentrates in relation to an animal ration n Explain characteristics of a good ration n Explain how to properly mix additives in a ration n
Reviewing Objectives Select appropriate feed additives for the given outcome n Discuss the general principles in balancing rations n Identify the rules for feeding various kinds of livestock n
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