Animal Science Biology Agriculture Structure and Function Animal

Animal Science Biology Agriculture

Structure and Function

Animal Structures and Function Animals are composed of a variety of interdependent systems n No one system can function entirely on its own n In order to keep animals healthy, producers make sure that all systems function properly. n

Skeletal System n Function ¨ Provides frame and support for all systems and organs. n Cartilage ¨ Firm, bone flexible tissues that is not as hard as

Skeletal System n Bone ¨Attach muscles ¨Means of movement ¨Protect internal organs ¨Storage of minerals

Skeletal System n Layers of Bone ¨Periosteum Outer layer n Cushions the hard portion of the bone n Repair of broken bones n

Skeletal System n Layers of Bone ¨Compact Bone beneath periosteum n layer of hard mineral matter n Calcium n gives bones strength n

Skeletal System n Layers of Bone ¨Spongy Bone Inside hard outer layer n fills ends of bones n lines hollow portions n

Skeletal System n Layers ¨Red of Bone marrow inside cavities of spongy bone n formation of red blood cells n

Skeletal System n Layers of Bone ¨Yellow marrow Located inside hollow portion n Fat storage cells n Energy storage n

Skeletal System n Types ¨ Long of Bones Longest n Provide support and movement n Levers n ¨ Example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones

Skeletal System n Types ¨ Short of Bones Smaller than long n Joints n Comfort and mobility n ¨ Example hands -- feet and

Skeletal System n Types of Bone ¨ Irregular Bones Have an irregular shape n Support and protect n ¨ Example -vertebrae

Skeletal System n Types ¨ Flat of Bones Thin and flat n Protect organs n ¨ Example -- skull

Skeletal System n Joints ¨ Where different bones meet n Ligaments ¨ Connect bones together; tough tissue

Skeletal System n Joints ¨Classified by the way they move.

Hinge Joint

Ball and Socket

Gliding

Muscle System n Function ¨ To provide movement for the proper functioning of the organs. n Meat production ¨ Muscles are processed into meat ¨ 30 -40% of the animal’s body is muscle.

Muscle System n Skeletal Muscle ¨Movement for the bones ¨Voluntary movement ¨Composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax

Muscle System n Skeletal ¨Red Muscle Contain many mitochondria; n Lots of blood; contract for long periods of time n

Muscle System n Skeletal ¨White Muscle n Fewer mitochondria n Contract faster n Fatigue faster.

Muscle System n Smooth Muscle ¨ Movement Controls movements of the internal organs n Involuntary. n ¨ Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract

Muscle System

Muscle System n Cardiac Muscle ¨Movement n Muscles that control the heart n Involuntary

Circulatory System n Function ¨Transports n Water n Oxygen n Wastes ¨Regulates temperature ¨Removes disease

Circulatory System n Heart ¨ Center of the circulatory system ¨ Large muscle ¨ Pumps continuously

Circulatory System n Blood Vessels ¨Arteries n Vessels that take blood away from the heart ¨Veins n Vessels that return blood to the heart

Circulatory System n Capillaries ¨Connect arteries and veins ¨Deliver nutrients to the cells ¨Take away waste

Circulatory System n Red Blood cells ¨Give blood color ¨Carry oxygen n White Blood cells ¨Destroy ¨Pus disease

Circulatory System n Four Chambers ¨ Right Atrium n Receives blood into heart from body, from veins ¨ Right n Pumps blood out to the lungs ¨ Left n Atrium Receives blood into heart from lungs ¨ Left n Ventricle Pumps blood out into body via arteries

Lungs Veins Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Arteries

Respiratory System n Function: ¨ Takes oxygen from the air ¨ Places it in the bloodstream ¨ Removes carbon dioxide

Respiratory System n Structures ¨Nostrils n Large ¨Nasal amounts of air Chamber ¨Mouth n Brings in air

Respiratory System n Structures ¨Pharynx n Passageway for ¨Food ¨Water ¨Air ¨Controlled by epiglottis

Respiratory System n Larynx ¨Voice box (Adam’s apple) ¨Prevents material from entering lungs. n Trachea ¨Large tube ¨Made of rigid cartilaginous rings

Respiratory System n Bronchi ¨Branch out further n Lungs ¨Gas exchange

Respiratory System n Alveoli ¨ Surrounded by blood vessels ¨ Carbon dioxide is removed from blood ¨ Oxygen is absorbed into blood

Respiratory System n Diaphragm ¨ Large muscle under the lungs ¨ When contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in ¨ When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out

Nervous System n Function: ¨ Central system Motor Control n Sensation n

Nervous System n Nerves ¨ Long fiber like structures n Motor Neurons ¨ Controls impulses sent from the brain ¨ To other parts of the body

Nervous System n Sensory Neurons ¨ Send impulses from the body to the brain. n Spinal Cord ¨ All nerves are connected ¨ Runs through the backbone (vertebra)

Nervous System n Brain ¨ Center of the nervous system ¨ Divided into 3 sections

Nervous System n Brain ¨ 1. Cerebrum n Largest n Controls process ¨ Ouch! thought

Nervous System n Brain ¨ 2. Cerebellum n Coordinator center for the cerebrum n Many movements are required to walk, eat, etc…

Nervous System n Brain ¨ 3. Medulla oblongata n Involuntary activities ¨ Heart beat ¨ Digestion ¨ Breathing n Body Temp. n Feeling – Fear or Thirst

Nervous System n Brain Stem ¨ Connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum.

Digestive System n Function: ¨Animal takes in food ¨Digested in to a form that the body can use. n Basic etc… elements – Oxygen, Iron, Potassium,

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨ Simple stomach ¨ One compartment Pigs n Horse n Dog n Cat n Birds n

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨Mouth n Grind down food ¨Esophagus n Push food to stomach n Muscles move food down

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨Stomach n Muscles ¨ Contacts and relaxes n Food pressed together n Digestive juices secreted by the stomach lining. ¨ Hydrochloric Acid

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨Stomach n Food is dissolved from movement and acid.

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨Small Intestine n Duodenum Secreted from pancreas ¨ Breaks down proteins, starch and fats. ¨ Juices still secreted to break down food. ¨

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨Small Intestine n Jejunum ¨ Nutrients absorbed into the body ¨ From intestine to blood stream. n Villi – Semi-Permeable membrane ¨ Particles pass through.

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨Large Intestine n Cecum ¨ Not used in most monogastrics

Digestive System ¨ Modified n Monogastric System Horse ¨ Uses cecum to digest roughage

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨Large Intestine n Colon ¨ Storage of waste ¨ Water is removed

Digestive System n Monogastric ¨Rectum n Muscle body. that passes waste out of the

Digestive System n Ruminant ¨Cows ¨Goats ¨Sheep ¨Deer ¨Elk System

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨These eat large quantities of fibrous material. n Hay n Alfalfa n Etc… ¨Roughage – Fibrous Feed

Digestive System n Ruminant ¨Multi compartment (4 main) n Breaks ¨They System down the polysaccharides chew their (CUD)

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨Mouth n Food is ground down by teeth n Also used to brake down the cud.

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨Teeth n Incisors – Lower front teeth n Dental pad – Upper part of mouth n Molars ¨Used to tear forages from ground

Digestive System n Ruminant ¨Must System produce large amounts of saliva ¨Used to feed microorganisms in the rumen

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨Esophagus n Transport food to digestive tract n Transport CUD to mouth.

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨Reticulum n Hardware ¨ Due stomach to large mouth they collect hardware § Wire form fence § Rocks § Etc…

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨Reticulum n Secretes mucus n Honeycomb shaped n Traps hardware from traveling to the rest of the digestive system.

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨Reticulum n Regurgitation n Packs feed into and eggs shaped ball to be re-chewed. (CUD)

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨Rumen n Largest compartment n Food is soaked, mixed. n Microorganisms ferment the feed. n Carbohydrates are absorbed by the papillae. ¨ Small fingerlike projections that aid in absorption

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨ Omasum Size of a quarter to enter. n Round – Soccer Ball n Many Folds – Like a round book n Grinds the food as it passes through. n

Digestive System n Ruminant System ¨ Abomasum True stomach n Functions the same as the monogastric n ¨ Intestines are the same as monogastric.

Endocrine System n Function: ¨ Composed n of glands that secrete hormones. Hormones: ¨ Chemical agent that causes an effect in the body. ¨ Hormones control vital function of the body. Growth n Reproduction n

Endocrine System n Pituitary Gland: ¨ Located at the base of the brain ¨ Master gland n Functions ¨ Growth of bone ¨ Maternal Behavior ¨ Reproduction cells

Endocrine System n Hypothalamus ¨ Links the Endocrine with the nervous system. ¨ Location n Under the lower front part of the brain ¨ Secretes hormones for: Hunger n Sleep n Body Temp n

Endocrine System n Adrenal Gland ¨ Located by Kidney ¨ Adrenalin – Times of stress n Thyroid Gland ¨ Front of wind pipe ¨ Controls rate of digestion ¨ Storage of calcium

Endocrine System n Pancreas n Below the stomach n Produces Insulin and glucagons ¨ Regulates stream the amount of glucose in the blood

Endocrine System n Hormones ¨Regulate other organs of the body as well n Reproduction n Etc…

Excretory System n Function: ¨Rid the body of wastes ¨Kidney n Remove urea and nitrogen n Filtrates liquids ingested. ¨Wastes are flushes out the urinary tract.

Animal Reproduction Biology Agriculture

Reproductive System n Ovaries ¨ Female reproductive gland in which eggs are formed and hormones are produced. n Testes ¨ Male reproductive gland that produces sperm and testosterone.

Reproductive System n Female Reproductive Cell ¨ EGG n (OVULE) Male Reproductive Cell ¨ SPERM ¨ Semen - the fluid that carries sperm

Reproductive System • Production of sperm is called SPERMATOGENESIS • Production of eggs is called OOGENESIS

Reproductive System n Zygote ¨ Cell formed by the union of egg and sperm at fertilization. n Embryo ¨ Organism n Pregnancy ¨ carrying n in early stages of development. a fetus Fertilization ¨ the union of the egg and sperm nuclei

Reproductive System n Conception ¨ occurrence n Ovulation ¨ release n of fertilization of an ovule from the female. Gestation ¨ the time from fertilization or conception of a female until she gives birth

Reproductive System n Vulva -opening of reproductive tract

Reproductive System n Vagina - channel for birth and urinary tract

Reproductive System n Cervix - divides vagina and uterus

Reproductive System n Uterus - provides nourishment for fetus

Reproductive System n Horns of Uterus - where fetus grows

Reproductive System • Fallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs

Reproductive System n Ovaries - produces eggs and hormones

Reproductive System n Testes - produce sperm and testosterone

Reproductive System n Epididymis - collects and stores sperm

Reproductive System n Vas deferens - transports sperm

Reproductive System n Penis - places sperm in female

Reproductive System n Scrotum - protects testes, maintains temp

Reproductive System n Sheath - opening of reproductive tract

Animal Reproduction n Ovaries – produces eggs and hormones

Animal Reproduction n The ovaries are stimulated by a hormone called the follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and produce a FOLLICLE where the egg (ovum) grows and matures

Animal Reproduction n When the egg matures the follicle ruptures and releases the egg OVULATION

Animal Reproduction

Mating Process n Around the time of ovulation estrogen causes estrus or heat ¨ The time that the female will allow the male to mate with her n Males seek out females that are in estrus

Mating Process n During mating millions of sperm are deposited in the female vagina. n Sperm moves by using their tails in a whiplike action – motile

Mating Process n Sperm travels from the vagina through the cervix and uterus and into the fallopian tubes n Sperm and egg unit in the fallopian tube

Reproductive Technologies n Reproductive ¨ Any Technologies method of reproduction that is different from natural methods

Reproductive Technologies n Embryo Transfer: ¨ The transfer of fertilized egg(s) from a donor female to one or more recipient females

Reproductive Technologies n Embryo Transfer

Reproductive Technologies n Embryo Transfer

Reproductive Technologies n Super Ovulation: ¨ Giving animals a hormone that causes them to produce more then one egg.

Reproductive Technologies n Artificial ¨ Placing Insemination sperm into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural mating.

Reproductive Problems n Sterility: ¨ Inability n of an animal to reproduce Freemartin: ¨ In twins, when a female is exposed to male testosterone before birth. ¨ Causes problems with the development of female reproductive organs

Reproductive Practices n Purebreeding ¨ Breeding two pure breed animals together ¨ Usually papered to prove genetics n Crossbreeding ¨ One breed is breed to another ¨ Ex. Angus x Herford = Black Baldy

Reproductive Practices n Grading-up ¨ Taking grade cows and breeding to purebreds