Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology Lecture 6 and
- Slides: 51
Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology Lecture 6 and 7: Endocrinology
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Integration of Body Functions • nervous and endocrine systems are similar • nervous system » seconds » minutes and hours • endocrine system
Neuro-endocrine Response
Manipulation of the Endocrine System • Hormones can be used to regulate body functions » growth (anabolic steroids) » lactation (GH or STH) » birth control (Estradiol, Progesterone) » estrous cycle (PGF 2 ) » superovulation and embryo transplant (FSH, e. CG) » parturition (oxytocin)
Endocrine Gland • A ductless gland • Secretes substances (hormones) into blood or lymph that affect cells elsewhere in the body • The secretion does not involve loss of tissue
Exocrine Gland • A gland with ducts that are used for secretion
Hormone • Substance produced by endocrine gland • Acts on cells, tissues or organs at a place • other than where produced Acts as a catalyst.
Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus Pineal Adrenal Ovary Uterus Pituitary Placenta Testes (in bull) Thyroid Pancreas
Classification and Properties of Hormone A. Site of Production B. Type of action 1. Primary hormone of reproduction 2. Metabolic hormone C. Chemical Structure 1. General structure – – Proteins and polypeptides Steroids Fatty acids Modified amino acid 2. Size
Classification and Properties of Hormone A. Site of Production B. Type of action 1. Primary hormone of reproduction 2. Metabolic hormone C. Chemical Structure 1. General structure – – Proteins and polypeptides Steroids Fatty acids Modified amino acid 2. Size
Location of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Function of Hypothalamus • • • appetite thirst body temperature vasomotor activity emotion use of body nutrient reserves activity of intestine sleep sexual behavior Production and release of releasing hormones
Releasing Hormones of the Hypothalamus A. B. • • Structure short chain polypeptides (3 - 44 amino acids) General Function to cause the release of trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
Releasing Hormones of the Hypothalamus C. Hormones • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn. RH) » LH, FSH release • Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) » TSH and prolactin release • Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) » ACTH release • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH) • Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus Preoptic nuclei cell Nerve Cells Superior hypophyseal artery Capillary plexus Hypophyseal portal vessels Cells of the Anterior Pituitary • • • LH FSH Prolactin STH TSH ACTH Posterior pituitary Capillary plexus
Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Hormones A. Structure 1. glycoproteins or proteins B. Hormones 1. gonadotropins » Follicle stimulating hormone » Luteinizing hormone (LH) » Prolactin (FSH)
Anterior Pituitary Hormones 2. Other trophic hormones • • • Adrenal Corticotropin (ACTH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH or STH)
Structure of LH, FSH and TSH • Made of 2 amino acid chains a S • • S b chains are the same b chains differ and give specificity
Supraoptic nuclei cell Nerve Cells Hypothalamus Paraventricular nuclei cell Capillary plexus Anterior Pituitary Posterior pituitary • Oxytocin • ADH
Hypothalamus Nuclei that produce posterior pituitary hormones
Posterior Pituitary Hormones A. Structure • polypeptides (9 amino acids) B. Hormone • Oxytocin - contraction of smooth muscle
Placental Hormones • Equine » Chorionic Gonadotropin (e. CG) Formation of accessory CL and maintains pregnancy • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) » Maintains primate CL and pregnancy » Development of the mammary gland in the mother • Placental • Steroids Lactogen (PL) - Estrogen and Progesterone
Gonadal Polypeptide Hormones • Relaxin » Secreted by CL during pregnancy. » Parturition • Inhibin » Inhibits FSH release
Gonadal Steroids A. General » » Origin - ovary, testis, adrenal Structure
Steroid Cholesterol 27 -C Synthesis Pregnenolone 21 -C OH Estradiol 18 -C HO 19 -C 21 -C Progesterone Testosterone
Gonadal Steroids Cont. A. General Cont. » Solubility – Bound to a binding protein for transport B. Type of Steroids » » » Androgens - Testosterone Estrogen - Estradiol Progestin - Progesterone
Steroid Cholesterol Synthesis Pregnenolone Mitochondria OH Estradiol HO Smooth ER Progesterone Testosterone
Other Hormones A. Prostaglandins 1. PGF 2 2. PGE 2
Phospholipids Prostaglandins PLA 2 • Many tissues • Local effects • Degraded in lung PGG 2 • Vasodilation • Maintain CL • Ovulation • Implantation O OH PGH 2 PGE 2 COOH o o Arachidonic Acid COOH Cyclo-oxygenase Inhibited by aspirin OOH • Vasoconstriction • CL regression • Ovulation • Parturition • Sperm transport COOH OH OH PGF 2 OH OH COOH OH
Other Hormones B. Melatonin 1. Secreted from the pineal gland. 2. Is a modified amino acid 3. Functions to integrate effects of light on reproductive processes.
Other Hormones C. Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (h. MG) 1. Anterior pituitary gland » Secreted in menopause, FSH-like activity » Isolated from urine a. Perganol - superovulation
Classification and Properties of Hormone A. Site of Production B. Type of action 1. Primary hormone of reproduction (FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone) 2. Metabolic hormone (thyroxin, insulin, STH)
Classification and Properties of Hormone • Chemical Structure » Polypeptides - hypothalamic » Protein - pituitary, gonad » Steroids - gonad, adrenal » Fatty acid - many sources, prostaglandins » Modified amino acid - pineal
Chemical Structure of Hormones polypeptide modified amino acid Gn. Rh melatonin TRH CRH GHRH Somatistatin Oxytocin protein sex steroid fatty acid LH Estradiol PGF 2 FSH Progesterone Prolactin Testosterone ACTH TSH GH or STH Relaxin Inhibin
Chemical Structure of Hormones Molecular size of hormones that regulate reproduction Hormone FSH LH Prolactin HCG e. CG Inhibin Relaxin ACTH Oxytocin Gn. RH Estradiol Testosterone Progesterone PGF 2 Molecular Weight 30, 000 to 37, 000 26, 000 to 32, 000 23, 000 to 25, 000 37, 700 28, 000 >10, 000 6, 500 4, 500 1, 007 1, 200 300 300
Chemical Structure of Hormones Cont. Polypeptide and protein hormones are made of peptide bonds These hormones can not be given orally!
Chemical Structure of Hormones Cont. Steroids PROGESTERONE CORTISOL These hormones can be given orally!
Mechanism of Hormone Action
Mechanism of Hormone Action
Receptor Structure
Mechanism of Hormone Action Protein Hormones (c. AMP second messenger) LH G Receptor Plasma Membrane Adenylate Cyclase c. AMP R c. AMP Testosterone ATP c. AMP S-ER R C Steroid Synthesis C (+ PO 4) Mitochondria Cholesterol Pregnenolone Cholesterol Protein Synthesis (Enzymes) Synthesis R-ER Protein Kinase A (PKA) m. RNA Histones Nucleus DNA
c. AMP Second Messenger Hormones • Anterior Pituitary Hormones • Placental Hormones » LH, FSH, Prolactin » STH, ACTH, TSH » HCG, e. CG
Protein Hormones (Ca 2+ Second Messenger) Ca 2+ Plasma Membrane Receptor Gn. RH G-protein PIP 2 DAG PLC IP 3 Protein Kinase C Ca 2+ R Ca 2+ Secretory Granules Endoplasmic Reticulum Fusion Plasma Membrane LH
Calcium Second Messenger Hormones • Gn. RH • Oxytocin • PGF 2 » triggers release of LH in anterior pituitary contractions of smooth muscle » triggers apoptosis of cell » inhibition of progesterone synthesis
Steroid Hormone Action Steroid (estrogen) Cell Membrane Diffusion? Change in Cell Physiology Cytoplasm Nucleus New Protein Receptor R-ER m. RNA Protein synthesis DNA
Steroid Hormone Mechanism • • • Estradiol Testosterone, Dihdrotestosterone Cortisol
Hypothalamus Feedback Loops Neuro-secretory Cells Releasing Hormones Polypeptides Portal Vein - Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropins: FSH, LH Proteins Blood Stream Gonads Receptor on Cell Surface only effects on [ Why ] target organs Cyclic AMP inside cell Steroid Hormone Production { Testosterone Estradiol Progesterone Blood Stream Bound to Protein
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