Animal Science 434 Reproductive Cyclicity Terminology Estrus is

Animal Science 434 Reproductive Cyclicity

Terminology • Estrus is a noun. – The cow is displaying estrus. • Estrous is an adjective. – The length of the estrous cycle is 21 days. • Oestrus and Oestrous – British and European spellings • Estrus and Heat are synonymous

Terminology (cont. ) • Anestrus – When the female is not having repeated estrous cycles.

Types of Cyclicity Polyestrus

Types of Cyclicity Seasonally Polyestrus Short day breeders Long day breeders (Fall) (Spring)

Type of Cyclicity Monoestrus Dog Wolf Bear

Average Reproductive Cycles Species Length of Estrous Cycle Length of Estrus Ovulation Length of Pregnancy cow 21 days polyestrus 18 hr 11 hr after end estrus 282 days ewe 17 days seasonal (fall) 29 hr near end estrus 148 days sow 21 days polyestrus 48 -72 hr 35 -45 hr after start estrus 115 days 3 -6 day of estrus (1 -2 days before end of estrus) 335 days mare 21 days 4 -8 days seasonal (spring) polyestrus

Variation in Cycle Types Example Type of Cycle Follicular Development Ovulation & CL Formation CL Function Cow, ewe, sow, mare Long Spontaneous rats, mice, hamsters Short (4 days) Spontaneous Induced (prolactin) rabbit, cat, mink, ferret, otter, alpaca Induced Spontaneous Induced (LH surge) Induced

Follicular Phase Proestrus • follicle enlarges • estrogen increases • vascularity of the female reproductive tract increases • endometrial glands begin to grow • estrogen levels peak

Follicular Phase Estrus • allows male to mount • estrogen decreases • LH surge occurs • ovulation 24 -48 hr after surge of LH • uterine motility high with contractions moving toward oviduct • sperm transport is optimal • cervical mucus volume increases

Luteal Phase Metestrus • estrogen low • ovulation in cow • corpus hemorrhagicum present • uterus Øcontractions subside Øendometrial glands continue to grow and become coiled Øin cattle bleeding occurs • FSH increases Øtriggering growth of follicles

Luteal Phase Diestrus • progesterone high • FSH Ø Increases at some point to cause growth of ovulatory follicle • Uterus Ø secrets fluid but volume gradually decreases Ø contraction stop Ø CL regresses at the end of this period if female is not pregnant due to PGF release

Characteristics of Estrous Cycles Cow Ewe Sow Mare Estrous cycle (days) 21 17 21 21 Proestrus (days) 3 -4 2 -3 Estrus Metestrus (days) Diestrus (days) 12 -18 hr 24 -36 hr 48 -72 hr 4 -8 days 3 -4 2 -3 2 -3 10 -14 10 -12 11 -13 10 -12

Presence of Offspring Pregnancy Causes of Anestrus Season Pathology Nutrition Stress

Gestational Anestrus

Gestational Anestrus • Progesterone during pregnancy – negative feedback • After parturition anestrus continues – progesterone exposure during pregnancy – hypothalamus • Lacks estradiol positive feedback • allows time for uterine involution

Seasonal Anestrus Horses are long day breeders!

Sheep are short day breeders!

Estradiol

Negative Positive Feedback

Estradiol

Seasonal Anestrus • just like entering puberty • silent ovulation

Silent Ovulation Anestrus Estrus

Lactational Anestrus

Suckling Effect on LH

Lactational Anestrus • Suckling • Other offspring factors – visual encounter – olfactory encounter – auditory encounter • Prolactin – inhibits Gn. RH release – major infertility problem in women who are not lactating

Nutritional Anestrus

Menstrual Cycle

Anterior Pituitary Hormones LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Follicle Ovulation Corpus Luteum Corpus Albicans Ovary Recruitment Dominance Selection Recruitment Uterine Endometrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Follicle Ovary Uterine Endometrium 5 days 2 4 9 days 6 8 Progesterone Menses FSH Luteal Phase LH Follicular Phase Anterior Pituitary Hormones Ovulation Corpus Luteum 14 days 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 5 days 2

Variation in Menstrual Cycle Length 25 -day Menses Foll. Phase cycle 5 days 6 days 28 -day Menses cycle 5 days 35 -day cycle Menses 5 days Foll. Phase 9 days Luteal Phase Menses 14 days Foll. Phase Luteal Phase 16 days 14 days Menses Ovulation Breast Tenderness

Menstural Cycle Length • AGE ØLength q 15 - 19 year olds 35 days q 30 year olds 30 days q 35 year olds 28 days ØVariation q More in teenagers q Less in women in peak reproductive years