Animal Kingdom Ch 30 31 32 Kingdom Animalia

Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. Kingdom - Animalia Topics • Animal – definition • Body organization and classification • Monophyletic groups and Phyla • Major representatives of Phyla • Ecology and economy

Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp. 622 -626. What is an Animal? • Very diverse with some common characteristics – – – Multicellular eukaryotes Heterotrophs Cells are specialized - for various functions Most - capable of locomotion Most - nervous systems and muscles Most - diploid and reproduce sexually • Zygote cleaves starting embryogenesis • Morula, blastula, gastrula, larva, metamorhosis • Evo-devo and Hox genes

Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp. 624 -626. Classification - criteria • Earliest fossils ~600 mya; land ~440 mya • <5% of all animals are vertebrates – Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • Invertebrates lack backbone – Includes sponges, jellyfish, worms, mollusks, insects, crustaceans

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 626 -632. Classification - criteria • Parazoa (sponges) and Eumetazoa • Eumetazoa - radial or bilateral symmetry – Radial: body arranged as spokes in a wheel – Bilateral: body arranged as mirror-image along a central axis • Most eumetazoans - bilaterally symmetric – Each half identical, or very similar at least – Tendency toward cephalization - head with sensory structures, neural integrating systems located – Diploblastic or triploblastic – Triploblastic – acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 626 -633. Classification - criteria • Ectoderm: outer layer - makes outer covering, nervous system • Endoderm: lining of the digestive tube and digestive organs – Cnidarians and ctenophores are diploblastic • Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system – All animals besides the Cnidara and Ctenophora are triploblastic

Triploblastic Body Plans • Acoelomates • Pseudocoelomates (probably evolved by simplification of coelomates – not monophyletic) • Coelomates Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 626 -633.

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 628 -633. Protostomes and Deuterostomes • During gastrulation - cells move, blastopore forms • Protostomes – Blastopore becomes mouth – Spiral cleavage in embryo – Determinate cleavage - Embryonic cells develop into fixed body parts • Deuterostomes – Blastopore becomes anus, second pore - mouth – Radial cleavage – Indeterminate cleavage - Each cell can make an adult

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 629.

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 632. 6 main animal clades based on molecular data Parazoa, Radiata, Biradiata, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia

Phylum – Porifera (Parazoans) • Choanocytes (collar cells) - help move water through - trap suspended food items • Amoeboid cells move about mesohyl - important in nutrition • Mesohyl - important in sexual reproduction; holds egg and embryo (most are hermaphroditic) • Division of labor without tissues Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 635 -638.

Phylum – Cnidaria (Radiata) • Cnidocytes stinging cells • Two body forms/stages – Medusa and Polyps – many spp. have both • Two definite tissue layers – Epidermis, Gastrodermis - Separated by the gelatin-like mesoglea • Nerve net - no head Both stages common, but not in hydra Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 638 -642.

Protostome Lophotrochozans Phylum - Platyhelminthes Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 643 -647. Classes: Tubelaria - free living; Trematoda and Monogenea - parasitic flukes; Cestoda - tapeworms (vertebral intestinal parasites)

Phylum - Mollusca • Clams, oysters, snails, slugs, octopi, squids Trochophore larva - fresh water and marine • Common features: Soft body, dorsal calcium carbonate shell in some, muscular foot – locomotion, organs form viscera, mantle secretes shell, open circulatory system - hemolymph bathes tissues Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 647 -650.

Phylum - Annilida • • Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 651 -653. Segmented worms – Trochophore larva Class - Polychaeta - sandworms - mainly marine Class - Oligochaeta - earthworms - land fresh water Class - Hirudinea - leeches - mainly fresh water • Body - ringed segments • Some structures - repeated in each segment - e. g. excretory organs metanephridia • Some organ systems occur in full length - e. g. nervous, digest. Segmentation aids movement - each segment can move • Nervous system – ventral • Respiration – cutaneous • Earthworm – make soils more fertile

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 651 -653. Mostly marine Terrestrial/freshwater Mostly freshwater

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 656 -658. Protostome Ecdysozoans Phylum – Nematoda - Roundworms • Decomposers and predators – most are free living • Pseudocoelomates • 50< spp. – human parasites – e. g. Ascaris worm, hookworms, pinworms, trichina worm

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 656 -666 Phylum – Arthropoda – Jointed appendages & chitin exoskeleton • > 1 million species; probably millions to be known • Most successful and diverse - >80% of all animal spp. • Distinct anatomical features/adaptations: • • • Segmented body Tough exoskeleton – discuss advantages and disadvantages Paired, jointed appendages Antennae - taste and touch Most insects and crustaceans - compound eyes Open circulatory system 1. Dorsal heart pumps hemolymph to a dorsal artery 2. Flows through smaller arteries to hemocoel, where it baths tissues

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 658. Subphyla Selected classes Characteristics Myriapoda Chilopoda - Centipedes Diplopoda - Millipedes Head + seg. Body, uniramous, 1 pair antennae, mandibles and maxillae Chelicerata Mirostoma - Hor. shoe crabs Arachnida - Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites Cephalothorax + abdomen, uniramous, no antennae, chelicerae and pedipalps Crustacea Malacostraca - Lobsters, crabs, shrimps, isopods Cirripedia - Barnacles Cephalothorax + abdomen, biramous, 2 antennae pairs, mandibles and maxillae Hexapoda Insecta - Bees, ants, beetles roaches, flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers Head + thorax + abdomen, uniramous, 1 pair antennae, mandibles and maxillae

Deuterostomes Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 670 -675.

Deuterostomes – Phylum - Echininodermata Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 674. Echinoderms – Hydraulic/water vascular system – locomotion, feeding and gas exchange

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 671 -673.

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 675 -678. Deuterostomes – Phylum – Chordata Model – Lancelet – Amphioxus sp. Endostyle – Mucus secreting pharyngeal groove (thyroid is a derivative) – fourth chordate character

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 678 -681. Study Table 32 -2

Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 696 -699. Class - Mammalia – – – – Hair Mammary glands Differentiated teeth Three middle-ear bones Constant body temperature Highly-developed nervous system - neocortex Muscular diaphragm Two clades – Protheria and Theria