Animal ethics Dr Roopa P Nayak Prof HOD

Animal ethics Dr Roopa P Nayak Prof & HOD, Pharmacology Yenepoya Medical College

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: � • Bio: “life or living organism” � • Medical: “healing; pertaining to the science, study, or practice of medicine, or the art of healing diseases” � • Research: “careful examination in some field of knowledge to establish facts or principles”

BIOMEDICAL METHODS Non Animal Preliminary stage Chemical, Mechanical Mathematical, Computational In vitro Early stage experiments contain lab containers, biological tissue samples Animal model Best predictors of human responses in high order animals Human Last clinical stage study of new vaccine or medicine in human volunteer

Why animals are used in research? ?

HISTORY Laika

FIRST DOG IN SPACE LAIKA This was good news for human spaceflight It appeared that weightlessness alone did not cause major changes to the vital physiological functions of a living creature. Laika, a mixed bred stray dog ‘recruited’ to the Soviet space program Moscow. She was secured in a special pressurized 1957 capsule 3 days before launch and provided The first creature to orbit the Earth in an attempt to study the prolonged effect of weightlessness on a living being. Laika was 3 years old when she was launched on the Sputnik 2 spacecraft on November 3 rd 1957.

History The greatest drug discoveries in the 19 th and 20 th centuries were possible due to the use of animals. Over the last century, most of the Nobel Prize for medical research has been dependent on animal research. The first Nobel prize in 1901 in medicine was for serum therapy and research involving use of horses.

Uses of animals in experimentation

Commonly used animals in experiments

Animal Ethics based – “Each animal has the right to life. ” We do research at their cost. Research – low suffering and highly beneficial – acceptable. Animal use in biomedical research – understand fundamental aspects – facilitates development of therapeutic measures.

� Animal experiments – not allowed – replacement alternative available. � Govt. Ministry of environment and forest constituted a statutory body under prevention of cruelty to animals Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA)

HISTORY OF ANIMAL ETHICS Global • 1641 - First Legislation forbidding cruelty to animals passed in the Court of Massachusetts • 1820 - First anti-cruelty law was passed in England. • 1824 and 1865 - Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in England USA • 1871 - “The British Association for the Advancement of Science” published guidelines for animal experimentation American Antivivisection society came into existence

� • 1876 - Prevention of cruelty to animals Act- United Kingdom(anti-vivisectionists) • Animal Ethics issue began in Europe in the 1960 s. – Ruth Harrison’s Animal Machines �– Brambell Committee 1965 • 1993 UK Farm Animal Welfare Council published the 5 new freedoms.

History of ethics in India 1874–Bombay SPCA (Societies for Protection and Care of Animals) � � 1890 - Act preventing cruelty to animals implemented

Laws and regulations YEAR LAW 1960 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act 1960, amended 1982 1964 Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) 1972 Wild life protection act 1992 Indian National Science Academy (INSA) “Guidelines for care and use of animals in scientific research”, revised 2001 1998 “Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) Rules, 1998”, amended 2001, 2006

Laws and regulations Year Law 2001 Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) “Guidelines for use of Laboratory animals in Medical Colleges” 2009 MCI amendment-Recommends to use alternatives to replace animal experiments 2012 Ministry of Health & Family Welfare bans use of animals in educational institutes 2013 University Grants Commission (UGC) “Guidelines for discontinuation of dissection and animal experimentation in zoology/life sciences in a phased manner”