Animal cells and systems Chapter 3 white blood

Animal cells and systems Chapter 3 white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell cheek cells muscle cell sperm nerve cell Paramecium 1

Levels of organization • Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions 2

Tissue Categories • Def- Group of cells that work together to perform a specific function • Categories – – Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

Connective tissue • Composed of both cells and exogenous matrix material • Usually holds other tissues together • Includes osseous tissue (bone) and blood • Displays a variety of appearances

Connective tissues

More Connective Tissues

Epithelial Tissue • Covers surfaces and lines cavities • Protect, secrete • 3 major shapes – Squamous- flat – Cuboidal – Columnar • Major arrangements – Simple – Stratified – Pseudostratified • Basal membrane

Epithilial Tissue Types

Muscle Tissue • Contractile tissue • Contains protein fibers that mediate movement • 3 major types – Cardiac – Skeletal – Smooth

Cardiac Muscle Tissue • Found only in the heart • Striations • Intercalated discs • Branched arangement • Automaticity

Skeletal Muscle Tissue • • • Moves bones Striations Peripheral nuclei Elongated cells Parallel arrangment

Smooth Muscle Tissue • Involuntary movement of soft tissues – Arteries – Intestines – Bladder • Non-striated • Spindle shaped

Nervous Tissue • Neurons – display an action potential – Elongated, 3 parts • Dendrite, soma, axon – Transmit impulses • Glial cells – Support neurons – Some insulate neurons

Nervous tissue

Summary • Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function • Tissues come in a wide variety of types • Each type has characteristics that allow its identification • The colors seen in tissue samples are artificial and due to the staining technique used. Identification must be made based on more consistent characteristics

FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve Cell Shape Flattened, cuboidal, columnar Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages branched Cell Arrangement Single multilayered Scattered in matrix In sheets or bundles Isolated or networked Location Body covering or lining organs or cavities Supports other organs Lining internal organs, make skeletal muscles Concentrated in brain and spinal cord + all over the body Surface Feature of Cells Cilia, microvilli - - - Matrix Type Basement membrane Varied – protein fibers + liquid, gelatinous, firm to calcified - -

Organ • Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions – Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels – Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue 18

The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ) 19

System • Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way – Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems – Plant : root and shoot systems 20

Human Body Systems Examples of systems : ´ Digestive System ´ Respiratory System ´ Circulatory System ´ Nervous System ´ Reproductive System 21

Examples of a Human Body System 22

Examples of a Human Body System 23

Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System 24

Examples of a Human Body System Nervous System 25

Levels of Organization ³CELLS (muscle cells, nerve cells) ³TISSUES (muscle, epithelium) ³ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach) ³SYSTEMS (circulatory system) ³ORGANISM (human) 26