Animal Biotechnology G R Wiggans Animal Improvement Programs
Animal Biotechnology G. R. Wiggans Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA Beltsville, MD george. wiggans@ars. usda. gov Georgetown Ag Systems (1) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Application of biotechnology Identify superior animals early Increase rate of genetic improvement Detect abnormalities Improve understanding of mechanisms of genetic control Determine parentage Georgetown Ag Systems (2) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Applications in genetic improvement Find easily detected genetic differences among animals Develop SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) panels to detect those differences Relate SNP differences to productivity differences Rank animals on their economic merit Use best animals as parents of the next generation Georgetown Ag Systems (3) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
What is genomics? Study of how the genome (DNA) of any species is organized and expressed as traits New technologies allow examination of an organism’s genome as a whole rather than 1 gene at a time Livestock and poultry genomes sequenced to understand how various genes function (functional genomics) Georgetown Ag Systems (4) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Bovine genome sequence Georgetown Ag Systems (5) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Federal support for genomics Cattle Sheep Swine Poultry Horses Aquaculture (fish and other water animals) Georgetown Ag Systems (6) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
How do we use genomics? Identify DNA sequences associated with disease resistance and production traits Animals can be evaluated as soon as DNA can be obtained (even before birth) Best animals to be parents can be determined earlier and more accurately Georgetown Ag Systems (7) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Dairy cattle selection before genomics Slow! Progeny testing for production traits takes 3 – 4 years from insemination Bull will be at least 5 years old before first evaluation is available Expensive! Progeny testing costs $25, 000– 50, 000/bull Only 1 in 8– 10 bulls graduate from progeny test At least $200, 000 invested in each active bull Georgetown Ag Systems (8) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Background: Genetic markers Segment of DNA at a unique physical location in the genome that varies sufficiently between individuals that its inheritance can be tracked through families Markers not required to be part of a gene Georgetown Ag Systems (9) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Genetic markers Allow inheritance to be followed in a region across generations SNPs are the markers of choice Need lots – 3 million in the genome! Georgetown Ag Systems (10) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Cattle SNP collaboration –i. BMAC Develop 60, 000 -bead Illumina i. Select assay Agricultural Research Service, USDA − Beltsville Agricultural Research Center • Bovine Functional Genomics Lab. • Animal Improvement Programs Lab. − Meat Animal Research Center University of Missouri University of Alberta Starting 60, 800 beads – 54, 000 usable SNPs Georgetown Ag Systems (11) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Georgetown Ag Systems (12) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Participants i. BMAC Consortium Funding agencies Illumina Marylinn Munson Cindy Lawley Christian Haudenschild BARC Curt Van Tassell Lakshmi Matukumalli Tad Sonstegard Missouri Jerry Taylor Bob Schnabel Stephanie Mc. Kay Alberta Steve Moore USMARC – Clay Center Tim Smith Mark Allan USDA/NRI/CSREES Georgetown Ag Systems (13) 2006 -35616 -16697 2006 -35205 -16888 2006 -35205 -16701 USDA/ARS 1265 -31000 -081 D 1265 -31000 -090 D 5438 -31000 -073 D Merial Stewart Bauck NAAB Gordon Doak ABS Global Accelerated Genetics Alta Genetics CRI/Genex Select Sires Semex Alliance Taurus Service G. R. Wiggans, 2010 13
Genomic evaluation – US dairy cattle Cooperating organizations Breed associations (Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss) Artificial-insemination organizations − Own bulls − Collect and market semen Full sharing of genotypes and research with Canada Trading of genotypes with Switzerland, Germany and Austria – expect to share with more countries Over 60, 000 animals genotyped starting in 2008 Georgetown Ag Systems (14) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Getting DNA samples Animals selected Artificial-insemination organizations identify male and female calves to genotype Farmers request breed association to arrange for genotyping Animal nominated at Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory – insures pedigree information is in database Sample sent to genotyping laboratory Hair follicles (most common) Blood Nasal swab Semen Ear punch Georgetown Ag Systems (15) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
History of application for US dairy cattle Dec. 2007 Bovine. SNP 50 Bead. Chip available Apr. 2008 First unofficial evaluation released Jan. 2009 Genomic evaluations official for Holstein and Jersey Aug. 2009 Official for Brown Swiss Sept. 2010 Unofficial evaluations from 3 K chip released Dec. 2010 3 K genomic evaluations become official Georgetown Ag Systems (16) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
International implications All major dairy countries investigating genomic selection International Bull Evaluation Service(Interbull) working on how genomic evaluations should be integrated Euro. Genomics – European collaboration to share genotypes Large number of predictor animals increases prediction accuracy Importing countries changed rules to allow for genomically evaluated young bulls Georgetown Ag Systems (17) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Challenges of technology transfer Developed countries 100 years of records Phenotypes Pedigree Developing countries No records Progeny testing for 50 years Plentiful crop systems Animals developed for temperate climate Georgetown Ag Systems (18) No pedigree Marginal production systems – tropical No national testing systems to evaluate germplasm No cash for investing in value-added animals G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Priorities from Gates Foundation Develop tools and reagents that are applicable to underdeveloped areas Collect DNA for breeds to understand current genetic distances and admixture Identify critical populations for preservation and selection – high density chip Enhance local adapted breeds using combinations of crossbreeding and selection – low density chip Georgetown Ag Systems (19) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
PAKUS – Water buffalo genomics Identified a set of parentage markers for testing at University of Lahore Sequenced a native breed animal for SNP discovery in water buffalo Lead role in Water Buffalo Genome Project (Italy) Great training opportunity Georgetown Ag Systems (20) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
Summary Genomics is revolutionizing animal breeding Genomic selection used extensively in dairy cattle breeding High quality genotypes support detection of parentage and other errors International collaboration has been important for the success Georgetown Ag Systems (21) G. R. Wiggans, 2010
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