Animal Behavior Chp 33 Pp 858 879 Table

Animal Behavior Chp 33 Pp. 858 -879

Table of Contents o 33. 1 Innate Behavior o 33. 2 Learned Behavior

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Behavior is anything an animal does in response to a stimulus. o A stimulus is an environmental change that directly influences the activity of an organism

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Animals carry on behaviors with adaptive value: n n n Getting food Avoiding predators Caring for young Finding shelter Attracting mates o Enable reproduction & survival of species

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Inherited Behavior Natural selection favors certain behaviors. o To capture prey, toads detect & follow movement. The tongue flipping out is a fixed action pattern.

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Genes form the basis for innate behavior. o Hormonal balance o Nervous system n Sense organs for sight, touch, sound odor ID o Affect how sensitive organisms are to stimuli

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Automatic responses n Reflexes n Involves no conscious control n Fight or flight response controlled by hormones & nervous system o Fixed Action Patterns o Instincts

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Fixed Action Patterns n Quick automatic response o Instincts n Complex pattern of innate behavior n Animal recognizes stimulus & continues until all parts of behavior are accomplished

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Instincts o Courtship Behavior n Bowerbirds create displays to attract mates n Bowerbird Display video

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Fireflies flash distinctive light patterns that are species specific.

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Territoriality reduces competition. o A territory is a physical space an animal defends against others of its species. n n n Breeding area Feeding area Potential mates Male Siberian Tigers

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Mark territories with pheromones o Attack & drive intruders away o Improves survival of young and of the species Lion performing scuffing ceremony.

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Aggressive behavior threatens other animals o Used to intimidate others of same species o To defend young, territory or resource

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Submission leads to Wolves with female dominance hierarchy dominance hierarchies o Form of social ranking within a group in which some are subordinate or dominant to others o Hierarchy innate but position may be learned

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Behavior resulting from internal & external cues o Biological or circadian rhythms, day/night sleep cycle o Seasonal cycle n n n Migration- instinctive seasonal movement Hibernation Estivation Migrating caribou

33. 1 Innate Behavior o Hibernation n State in which body temp drops, oxygen consumption & breathing rate drops n Conserves energy o Estivation n Reduced metabolism for living in extreme heat or to drought or lack of food

33. 2 Learned Behavior o When behavior changes due to practice or experience o Allows animals to adapt to change o Especially important to those with longer life spans Black bears have learned to choose minivans as targets for raiding food! (Nat. Geo)

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Habituation o An animal becomes habituated when it no longer responds to a stimulus. o The gorillas shown here are habituated to the presence of humans.

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Imprinting o Form of learning that occurs at a specific critical time forming a social attachment to an object or individual o Birds imprint within a day or two of hatching o Usually irreversible CA condor w/ puppet

33. 2 Learned Behavior o By trial & error o Animal receives a reward for making a particular response o Motivation is internal need that causes an animal to act; necessary for learning to take place o Usually involves satisfying a need

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Classical conditioningo o learning by association Pavlov noted that dogs salivate at smell of food By ringing a bell when presenting food he established association Eventually sound of bell resulted in dog salivating Conditioned response Ivan Pavlov

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Insight- most complex kind of learning o Animal uses previous experience to respond to new situation o Ex. Solving math problems Sea Otter

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Communication- exchange of info resulting in a change of behavior

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Communicate by sound o Vibrate in all directions o Warnings, invitations, location, species even gender Wolf Howling

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Signal by odorso Ant odor trails o Moth pheromones o Scent-marked territory

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Some communication is both innate & learned. o Songbirds have the innate ability to sing; however, they learn their regional dialect. Goldfinch Song

33. 2 Learned Behavior o Language uses symbols to represent ideas. o Requires complex nervous system, memory and insight. o Humans can benefit from using knowledge gained by others.