Animal behavior Brainpop Behavior Behavior l A behavior

Animal behavior Brainpop. Behavior

Behavior l A behavior is anything an organism does in response to a stimulus in its environment. Brainpop. Behavior

Behavior A stimulus is any kind of signal (chemical or physical) that can be detected by an organism; a response is the organism’s reaction to the stimulus. l Ex. Lowered blood sugar causes a release in insulin which triggers a feeling of hunger. l

Fill It In … Give any example of a stimulus and a response:

Behaviors have evolved as a result of natural selection. l A behavior that is beneficial to an organism has adaptive value - it allows the organism to survive and reproduce better than those organisms that do NOT display this behavior l

Behavior l These behaviors may be directed by genes (DNA) and can therefore be inherited by organisms from their parents.

Behavior l Most behaviors occur as a result of inherited genes AND environmental influences

Fill It In … Don’t forget! Behaviors occurring as a result of genes and the environment illustrate the concept of ______ vs. _______

Two Main Types of Behavior l Innate behaviors are inborn (genetically programmed), so the organism is born already “knowing” the behavior.

Two Main Types of Behavior l Learned behaviors are aquired during an organism’s life and may change with practice and experience.

Check Yourself! 1. What is a behavior? 2. What are the two main types of behaviors? 3. What is adaptive value? 4. Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response: The skin itches and the dog scratches. 2. Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon. 1.

Check Yourself! What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS 2. What are the two main types of behaviors? 1. 3. What is adaptive value? 4. Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response: The skin itches and the dog scratches. 2. Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon. 1.

Check Yourself! What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS 2. What are the two main types of behaviors? INNATE & LEARNED 3. What is adaptive value? 1. 4. Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response: The skin itches and the dog scratches. 2. Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon. 1.

Check Yourself! What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS 2. What are the two main types of behaviors? INNATE & LEARNED 3. What is adaptive value? ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE BETTER 4. Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response: 1. The skin itches and the dog scratches. 2. Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon. 1.

Check Yourself! What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS 2. What are the two main types of behaviors? INNATE & LEARNED 3. What is adaptive value? ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE BETTER 4. Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response: 1. The skin itches and the dog scratches. 2. Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon. 1.

Check Yourself! What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS 2. What are the two main types of behaviors? INNATE & LEARNED 3. What is adaptive value? ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE BETTER 4. Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response: 1. The skin itches and the dog scratches. 2. Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon. 1.

Innate behaviors Simple innate behaviors: l Automatic - quick, unconscious reactions l Ex. Reflexes such as blinking l

Innate behaviors Simple innate behaviors: l Fight-or-Flight response - the body prepares for action in response to stress or fear l Ex. Increased heart rate and respiration rate when in a car accident l

Innate behaviors More complex innate behaviors (and urges) are often referred to as INSTINCTS. l Simple instincts include “suckling”, allowing animals to be able to feed right after birth. l Other instincts are more complex; these behaviors may be classified as one of the following: l

Innate behaviors Courtship behavior - premating behavior designed to help an organism recognize and pick the “best” mate l Ex. Fireflies flash lights l The Mating Dance

Innate behaviors Territoriality - defending physical space against other animals; reduces competition for scarce resources l Ex. A cat scent-marks its territory to warn others l

Innate behaviors Aggression - a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another l Ex. Lions show their fangs and snap at other lions l

Innate behaviors Dominance Hierarchy - a social ranking within a group that establishes dominant and submissive members l Ex. A puppy rolls over and exposes its belly to adult dogs l

Innate behaviors l l Orientation behaviors Animals display TAXIS behaviors n l Movement toward or away from a stimulus Phototaxis - movement in response to light n Ex. Moths are attacted to light (positive)

Innate behaviors l Chemotaxis - movement in response to chemicals n Ex. Insects are attracted to chemical signals from other insects (positive)

Fill It In … Innate behavior summary: 1. Simple a. b. 2. Instincts a. b. c. d. e.

Innate behaviors Behavioral Cycles (Biological “Clock”) l Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior; these cycles allow for survival during periods when food or other resources may not be available. l

Innate behaviors Circadian rhythms are daily cycles of behavior l Ex. Sleeping and waking l l Based on 24 -hours z z

Innate behaviors Seasonal rhythms occur at certain times of the year l Migration movement from one place to another and then back again in response to environmental stimuli l

Innate behaviors l Hibernation - a decrease in metabolism in response to colder temperatures https: //www. youtube. co m/watch? v=Tp. Y 4 frphe Ww

Innate behaviors l Estivation - a decrease in metabolism in response to warmer temperatures

Fill It In … Give 4 examples of “biological clocks”: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Make a chart of Innate behaviors! Behavior (INSTINCT) Courtship Territoriality Aggression Dominance Hierarchy Orientation / Taxis Circadian Rhythm Migration Hibernation Estivation DESCRIBE an example (different from notes!)

Learned behaviors are present mostly in animals with a more highly developed nervous system. l Learning requires motivation - an internal need that causes an animal to act (i. e. hunger) l

Types of learning: Habituation - occurs when an animal is repeatedly given a stimulus with no punishment or reward; eventually the animal stops responding l Ex. You are able to sleep through the night even though you live close to the train tracks. l

Types of learning: Classical conditioning - occurs when an animal makes a connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment; also called “learning by association” l Ex. Pavlov’s dogs l

Types of learning: Pavlov showed the dogs food. l The dogs salivated. l Pavlov started to ring a bell every time he fed the dogs. l Eventually, the dogs would salivate whenever they heard the bell - even when food was not present. l Brainpop- Conditioning

https: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=Eo 7 jc. I 8 f. Au. I

https: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=7 Oynlzqtxm. Y Types of learning: Operant conditioning occurs when an animal learns to behave a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment; also called “trial-and-error” l Ex. A mouse learns how to get through a maze in order to get the food at the end l

Types of learning: Insight learning/Reasoning - the most complicated form of learning that occurs when an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation. l Ex. A pianist is able to play a new piece of music by “ear” l

Fill It In … Types of learned behaviors: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Check Yourself! 1. What is motivation? 2. What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? 3. Who was Ivan Pavlov?

l Combining Innate and Learned Behaviors most behaviors result from a combination of innate and learned behaviors.

Social behaviors often combine learned and innate behaviors l Whenever animals interact with members of their own species, they are exhibiting social behaviors. l

Social behaviors Some animals may form societies - a group of related animals of the same species that interact closely and often cooperate with one another. l Membership in a society may offer great survival advantages. l Ex. Zebras heard when grazing to confuse predators. l

Social behaviors l Social behaviors include courtship, territoriality, dominance hierarchy, and communication.

Social behaviors https: //www. youtube. com/watch l Imprinting involves ? v=7 Oynlzqtxm. Y very young animals recognizing and following the first moving object they see - the urge to follow is innate but must learn from experience what object to follow l Ex. Ducklings imprint on their mother

Social behaviors Communication involves the passing of information from one organism to another. l Innate forms of communication may involve sound (a whale’s song), sight (baring teeth), touch (chimp grooming), or chemicals (insects release pheromones) l

courtship- birds Social behaviors l The most complex form of communication is language - the use of symbols to represent ideas; requires a complex nervous system, memory, and insight. https: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=c. Eh-zcl. Vo 44

Fill It In … Phermones are … Example:

Fill It In … Examples of social behaviors (indicate if innate or learned): 1. 2. 3. 4.

Check Yourself! 1. What is a society? Name an animal that is likely to imprint on the first moving object it sees. 3. How are pheromones a means of communication? 2. 4. What is the most complex form of communication?