Animal Behavior AP Biology meerkats EQ HOW ARE

Animal Behavior AP Biology meerkats

EQ: HOW ARE BEHAVIORS USED TO INCREASE FITNESS AND LEAD TO NATURAL SELECTION? Use 5 right pages for these notes. (29, 31, 33, 35, and 37) AP Biology

What is behavior? § Behavior u everything an animal does & how it does it § response to stimuli in its environment u innate § inherited, “instinctive” § automatic & consistent u learned § ability to learn is inherited, but the behavior develops during animal’s lifetime § variable & flexible w change with experience & environment AP Biology

Why study behavior? § Evolutionary perspective… u acted upon by natural selection § lead to greater fitness? § lead to greater survival? § lead to greater reproductive success? AP Biology

Understanding behavior § Proximate cause: “how” a behavior occurs or § is modified Ultimate cause: “why” a behavior in context of natural selection A courting pair of East Asian red-crowned cranes. AP Biology

Evolutionary perspective § Adaptive advantage? u innate behaviors § automatic, fixed, “built-in”, no “learning curve” § despite different environments, all individuals exhibit the behavior § ex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis u learned behaviors § modified by experience § variable, changeable § flexible with a complex & changing environment AP Biology

Innate behaviors § Fixed action patterns (FAP) u u male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality sequence of behaviors essentially unchangeable & usually conducted to completion once started sign stimulus § the releaser that triggers a FAP AP Biology attack on red belly stimulus court on swollen belly stimulus

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) Digger wasp egg rolling in geese Do humans exhibit Fixed Action Patterns? AP Biology The “eyebrow-flash”

Innate: Directed movements § Taxis u u change in direction automatic movement toward (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis) a stimulus § phototaxis § chemotaxis § Kinesis u AP Biology change in rate of movement in response to a stimulus

Complex Innate behaviors § Migration u u Monarch AP Biology migration “migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred & raised in captivity navigate by sun, stars, Earth magnetic fields Sandpiper Bobolink ancient fly-ways Golden plover

Innate & Learning: Imprinting § Learning to form social attachments at a specific critical period u AP Biology both learning & innate components Konrad Lorenz

Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the Wattled crane conservation birds a migration teaching cranes to migrate route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an Ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent. AP Biology

Critical period § Sensitive phase for optimal imprinting u AP Biology some behavior must be learned during a receptive time period As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate. imprinting/critical period in humans?

Learned behavior § Associative learning u learning to associate a stimulus with a consequence § operant conditioning w trial & error learning w associate behavior with reward or punishment w ex: learning what to eat § classical conditioning w Pavlovian conditioning w associate a “neutral stimulus” with a “significant stimulus” AP Biology

Operant conditioning § Trial-and-error learning § Associate its own behavior with reward or punishment § Skinner box AP Biology mouse learns to associate behavior (pressing lever) with reward (food pellet)

Classical conditioning § Ex: Ivan Pavlov’s dogs u AP Biology connect reflex behavior (salivating at sight of food) to associated stimulus (ringing bell)

Learning: Habituation § Loss of response to stimulus u u u “cry-wolf” effect decrease in response to repeated occurrences of stimulus enables animals to disregard unimportant stimuli § ex: falling leaves not triggering fear response in baby birds AP Biology

Learning: Problem-solving chimpanzee § Do other animals reason? problem-solving tool use sea AP Biology otter crow

Social behaviors § Interactions between individuals u u u AP Biology develop as evolutionary adaptations communication / language agonistic behaviors dominance hierarchy cooperation altruistic behavior

Language § Honey bee communication dance to communicate location of food source u waggle dance u AP Biology Let’s go to the videotape!

Communication by song § Bird song species identification & mating ritual u mixed learned & innate u critical learning period u § Insect song mating ritual & song u innate, genetically controlled u AP Biology Red-winged blackbird

Social behaviors § Agonistic behaviors u threatening & submissive rituals § symbolic, usually no harm done u AP Biology ex: territoriality, competitor aggression Let’s go to the videotape!

Social behaviors § Dominance hierarchy u social ranking within a group § pecking order AP Biology

Social behaviors § Cooperation u working together in coordination Pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest cooperatively AP Biology White pelicans “herding” school of fish

Social behaviors § Altruistic behavior u u reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient kin selection § increasing survival of close relatives passes these genes on to the next generation I would lay down my life for 2 brothers or 8 cousins! AP Biology How can this be of adaptive value? Belding ground squirrel

Social interaction requires communication § Pheromones u chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals § alarm pheromones § sex pheromones AP Biology

human sex pheromone? Pheromones Female mosquito use CO 2 concentrations to locate victims marking territory Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey AP Biology The female lion lures male by spreading sex pheromones, but also by posture & movements

Mating Behavior & Mate Choice § Sexual selection: seeking and attracting mates, choosing and competing for mates Promiscuous Monogamous Polygamous (polygynous) Polyandry Partners Many One 1 M + many F 1 F + many M Structure Showy Similar Showy male Showy female Care None Much Male = little Male = none AP Biology

AP Biology