Animal Bauplan Symmetry and complexity Chapter 3 Animal

Animal Bauplan Symmetry and complexity • Chapter 3: Animal Architecture

What is a “Bauplan”?

What is a “Bauplan”? • Bauplan is a German word meaning building plan or blueprint.

What is a “Bauplan”? • Bauplan is a German word meaning building plan or blueprint. • It is used by biologists to refer to the overall and consistent structure of a group of organisms.

What is a “Bauplan”? • Bauplan is a German word meaning building plan or blueprint. • It is used by biologists to refer to the overall and consistent structure of a group of organisms. – The animal bauplan – The Annelid bauplan, etc….

Architectural Pattern in Animals

ea ida c sta chn cta u Cr Ara Inse Mollusca Protostomes Triploblasts * Diploblasts † Ve Hemichordata Echinodermata Deuterostomes Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates Bilateria† Mesozoa Tu ta a c ni Chordata Arthropoda Annelida ata r b rte Radiata* Eumetazoa Metazoa Protozoa Monera (Bacteria) Cnidaria Ctenophora Parazoa

Body Plans • As most kingdoms, animals are divided into groups based on body architecture. I. Grades of Complexity II. Major Body Types III. Symmetry IV. Cleavage

ENTODINIUM CAUDATUM

I. Grades of Complexity 1. Protoplasmic: all functions take place in single cells, or each cell (if colonial) --Protists have this grade of complexity

CATTLE RUMEN CILIATES ENTODINIUM CAUDATUM

I. Grades of Complexity 1. Protoplasmic: all functions take place in single cells, or each cell (if colonial) --Protists have this grade of complexity 2. Cellular: there is division of labor among cells, but no segregation of cells that perform the functions

I. Grades of Complexity 1. Protoplasmic: all functions take place in single cells, or each cell (if colonial) --Protists have this grade of complexity 2. Cellular: there is division of labor among cells, but no segregation of cells that perform the functions 3. Tissue: specialized cells segregate organ, or organ-system: there is segregation of tissues

ea ida c sta chn cta u Cr Ara Inse Mollusca Protostomes Triploblasts * Diploblasts † Ve Tu ta a c ni Chordata Arthropoda Annelida ata r b rte Hemichordata Echinodermata TISSUE Deuterostomes Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates Bilateria† Mesozoa Radiata* Eumetazoa Metazoa Protozoa Monera (Bacteria) Cnidaria Ctenophora Parazoa CELLULAR PROTOPLASMIC

II. Major Body Types 1. Cell aggregate 2. Blind sac 3. Tube-in-tube

Ephydatia fluviatilis

Cell Aggregate: • There is no gut, energy absorption throughout • No germ layers, no true tissues or organs. Example: sponges (Phylum Porifera)

Sac-like Body Plan

Sac-like Body Plan • Has only one opening for both food intake and waste removal.

Sac-like Body Plan • Has only one opening for both food intake and waste removal. • Sac-like body plan animals do not have tissue specialization or development of organs.

Example: sea anemones (Phylum Cnidaria)

“Tube-within-a-tube”

“Tube-within-a-tube” • Two openings: one for food to enter the body (mouth), one for wastes to leave the body (anus).

“Tube-within-a-tube” • Two openings: one for food to enter the body (mouth), one for wastes to leave the body (anus). – The tube-within-a-tube plan allows specialization of parts along the tube

“Tube-within-a-tube” • Two openings: one for food to enter the body (mouth), one for wastes to leave the body (anus). – The tube-within-a-tube plan allows specialization of parts along the tube • Animals with the “tube-within-a-tube: plan are 10% more efficient at digesting and absorbing their food than animals with the sac-like body plan.

Example: round worm (Phylum Nematoda)

ea ida c sta chn cta u Cr Ara Inse Mollusca Protostomes Triploblasts * Diploblasts † Ve Tu ta a c ni Chordata Arthropoda Annelida ata r b rte Hemichordata Echinodermata Deuterostomes Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates Bilateria† Mesozoa TUBE IN TUBE Radiata* Eumetazoa Metazoa Protozoa Monera (Bacteria) Cnidaria Ctenophora Parazoa BLIND SAC CELL AGGREGATE

III. Symmetry

III. Symmetry • Asymmetrical animals: no general body plan or axis of symmetry

III. Symmetry • Spherical symmetry: round or any plane passing through the center divides the body into equivalent or, mirrored, halves.

III. Symmetry • Radial symmetry: body parts organized about a center axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.

III. Symmetry • Bilateral symmetry: a single plain of symmetry that produces mirror halves.

III. Symmetry

III. Symmetry Planes of symmetry None Many One

ea ida c sta chn cta u Cr Ara Inse Mollusca Protostomes Triploblasts * Diploblasts † Ve Tu ta a c ni Chordata Arthropoda Annelida ata r b rte Hemichordata BILATERAL Echinodermata Deuterostomes Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates Bilateria† Mesozoa Radiata* Eumetazoa Metazoa Protozoa Monera (Bacteria) Cnidaria Ctenophora Parazoa RADIAL ASYMMETRICAL

Question 1. What type of symmetry does this organism have? A. Asymmetrical B. Spherical C. Radial D. Bilateral

IV. Cleavage

IV. Cleavage • Cleavage is the initial process of development after fertilization of the egg.

Radial Cleavage planes are symmetrical to the polar axis Produces regulative development

Spiral Cleavage: cleavage planes are oblique to the polar axis Produces mosaic development

Regulative and mosaic cleavage

ea ida c sta chn cta u Cr Ara Inse Annelida Mollusca Protostomes Triploblasts * Diploblasts † Ve Tu ta a c ni Chordata Arthropoda Spiral ata r b rte Hemichordata Radial Echinodermata Deuterostomes Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates Bilateria† Mesozoa Radiata* Eumetazoa Metazoa Protozoa Monera (Bacteria) Cnidaria Ctenophora Parazoa

Development in Eucoelomates

The Big Picture • Bauplan define animals and the groups within animals

The Big Picture • Bauplan define animals and the groups within animals • Animals can be divided into groups based on:

The Big Picture • Bauplan define animals and the groups within animals • Animals can be divided into groups based on: – Grades of Complexity

The Big Picture • Bauplan define animals and the groups within animals • Animals can be divided into groups based on: – Grades of Complexity – Major body types

The Big Picture • Bauplan define animals and the groups within animals • Animals can be divided into groups based on: – Grades of Complexity – Major body types – Symmetry

The Big Picture • Bauplan define animals and the groups within animals • Animals can be divided into groups based on: – Grades of Complexity – Major body types – Symmetry – Cleavage

The Big Picture • Bauplan define animals and the groups within animals • Animals can be divided into groups based on: – Grades of Complexity – Major body types – Symmetry – Cleavage • Thus, for every animal group, you should be able to know these characteristics.