Andrew Jackson Daniel Webster John C Calhoun Henry

Andrew Jackson Daniel Webster John C Calhoun Henry Clay Chapter 10: A Changing Nation How did the nation reflect a growing sense of national pride and identity? Pictures From: http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d 8/John_Neagle_Henry_Clay. jpg/483 px. John_Neagle_Henry_Clay. jpg and http: //www. historyplace. com/specials/calendar/docs-pix/jan-webster. htm http: //www. visitingdc. com/images/andrew-jackson-picture. jpg

James Mc. Culloch Dartmouth College vs Woodward John Marshall James Monroe Section 1: Building A National Identity How was the power of the federal government strengthened during the Era of Good Feelings? Pictures from: http: //cache. eb. com/eb/image? id=92852&rend. Type. Id=4 and http: //www. columbia. edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/images/Fall 2002/Marshall. jpg http: //content. answers. com/main/content/wp/en/e/e 1/Daniel. Webster_Dartmouth. College. Case. jpg

“Era of Good Feelings” • James Monroe- Republican wins election 1816 • Monroe wanted to promote NATIONAL UNITY (NATIONALISM) • Everyone was feeling united so they called it the “Era of Good Feelings”

Building the National Economy • After 1815 many felt the national govt. should take some action to increase economic prosperity for the whole country • Sectionalism begins • Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun become outspoken for their regions

New Leaders Daniel Webster • Northeast • MA • At first opposes high tariffs but later supports them John C Calhoun • SC • South • Opposes high tariffs • State’s Rights Henry Clay • Kentucky • West • Country needs better roads, canals

Second Bank of the United States • First Bank 1791 • Bank did not exist after 1811 - Charter ran out • Without the bank the economy suffered because too many loans were made and they issued too much money • 2 nd bank established in 1816 • New bank privately owned, charter for 20 years

Tariff of 1816 • After War of 1812 US had to handle foreign competition • Britain began the concept of Dumping • Because of this it hurt the New England States and the northern Manufacturers • The North demanded the govt. place a protective tariff in place

Sectionalism • Tariffs are popular in the NORTH • SOUTH resents the tariffs • John C Calhoun speaks out ferociously against tariffs

Clay’s American System • Clay believed he had a plan to help each area of the country • Proposed high tariffs and federal program of public works • He believed the tariffs would provide funds to build better roads, bridges and canals as well as help the north and south • Never fully became a govt. policy • Madison and Monroe refused to support the plan

Three Important Court Cases • Mc. Culloch VS Maryland About Protecting Federal Agencies • Dartmouth College VS Woodward About Protecting private contracts • Gibbons VS Ogden Deals with Interstate Commerce

Mc. Culloch VS Maryland • 9. A. States could not interfere with federal institutions or violate federal laws. • • B. They both strengthened the power of the federal govt. by ruling that states had no power to interfere with federal institutions.

Dartmouth College VS Woodward • The ruling of the Supreme Court in Dartmouth College v Woodward supported economic growth by protecting private contracts, the Court protected private businesses.

Gibbons VS Ogden • Interstate Commerce: Trade between 2 or more states • NYS could not give a steamboat company a monopoly to carry passengers on the Hudson River

John Quincy Adams Simon Bolivar “The Liberator” Miguel Hidalgo James Monroe Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations How did U. S. foreign affairs reflect new national confidence? Pictures from: http: //www. latinamericanstudies. org/mexico/miguel-hidalgo. jpg and http: //www. blognapoli. net/immagini/Simon_Bolivar. jpg

Relations With Spain • After the War of 1812 Spain controlled more territory in the Americas than any other European power • Spain’s power was weakening because they held too many territories • Spain’s power was extremely weak in FL • Spain could not stop enslaved African Americans from escaping to Fl and living among the Seminole N-A’s

Relations With Spain • Andrew Jackson is sent to recapture enslaved A-A’s in 1817 • Jackson went way above what he was ordered to do and attacked Seminole Indian villages • Jackson seized 2 Spanish towns and forced the governor to flee

Question # 14 • Spain realized it could not protect Florida, so it sold the territory to the U. S. . The treaty was called the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.

Adams-Onis Treaty • Spain realized they could not protect FL • John Quincy Adams goes to negotiate a treaty- the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) • Spain was to cede (give up) FL • The U. S would pay $5 Million Dollars for it

Spanish Colonies Win Independence • 1810 many of the Spanish controlled areas were rebelling against the Spanish control • Revolutionary movements grow in Mexico, Central and South America

Mexico Breaks Away • 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo organizes an army of Native Americans • This helped free several N-A Provinces • 1811 he is captured and executed

Question #16: • Miguel Hidalgo was a priest who led Mexico’s struggle for independence from Spain. Though he was defeated Spain eventually recognized that it could not maintain its rule over Mexico.

Mexico Breaks Away • 1820 revolution breaks out • 1821 Spain agrees to Mexico’s independence • At first Mexico is ruled by an Emperor • 1823 the Emperor is over thrown and Mexico makes a constitution • Mexico becomes a Federal Republic of 9 states and 4 territories

South and Central America • Simon Bolivar “The Liberator” • He was called The Liberator for his leading role in independence movements in the Northern section of SA • 1819 led an army from Venezuela over the Andes Mts. Into Colombia and defeated the Spanish • Bolivar became president of the Independent Republic of Great Colombia (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama

Independence for Central and South America Cont. • Central America declared Independence in 1821 • 1823 they formed the United Provinces of Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala • 1822 Brazil declared its independence from Portugal

The Monroe Doctrine • Several European powers soon tried to plan to attack these newly developed countries in South and Central America • President James Monroe and John Quincy Adams were worried these European powers would come in and take over. • Britain and the U. S. wanted to protect trade with these newly developed countries

Monroe Doctrine • Britain suggested making a joint statement • Adams told Monroe we should make our own statement • December 1823 Monroe reads in Congress what became know as the Monroe Doctrine • U. S. would not allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with the free nations of Latin America • The U. S would not interfere in European affairs • Monroe was saying “hands off” of the Western Hemisphere • You stay in your hemisphere we will stay in ours • The U. S was not strong enough to back Monroe’s statement

Question # 18: • Adams said that cooperation between the 2 countries would make the U. S. see to be Britain’s junior partner. Question #20: Cuba, Puerto Rico, British Honduras, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana

Question #21: • President Monroe’s statement that the U. S. would not allow European nations to interfere with the independent nations in Latin America. Question #22: Britain granted some self-government to Canada in order to stop rebellion and maintain Canada as a colony

Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory” John Quincy Adams Section 3: The Age of Jackson How did the people gain more power during the Age of Jackson?

Adams and Jackson in Conflict • “The Age of Jackson” (1829 -1837) • Jackson grew up poor near the border of North and South Carolina • Jackson was brave, tough earned nickname of “Old Hickory” • Jackson believed ordinary people should be involved in government

The Election of 1824 William H. Crawford Henry Clay Andrew Jackson Pictures from: http: //edsitement. neh. gov/lesson_images/lesson 551/WH_Crawford. jpg , http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Henry_Clay. JPG , John Quincy Adams

“The Corrupt Bargain” • Jackson received the most electoral votes but not a majority • House of Representatives would have to decide • Adams and Jackson were the choices • Clay was Speaker of the house Supposedly he told supporters to vote for Adams • The House Elected Adams • Jackson was furious he had won the most popular votes and electoral votes but lost the election

Presidency of John Adams • John Quincy Adams did not accomplish very much • People disliked him because of the “Corrupt Bargain” • He supported clay’s American System and wanted the federal govt. to play a larger role in supporting American economy

New Era of Politics • 1824 began a new era of politics • By Late 1790’s states began extending suffrage- the right to vote • Men just had to be white and over the age of 21 • Now ordinary voters voted on electors

People Who Did Not Receive Suffrage • • Women African Americans Native Americans Children

Democracy in the Age of Jackson • Extended the right to vote • Ordinary people should vote in elections and hold government positions • Jackson and his supporters did not trust the government • Jackson and his supporters did not trust the bank

New Political Parties • • 2 Party System returns Republican Party split in the Election of 1824 Republicans and Democrats emerge Jackson was supported by the Democrats and National Republicans supported Henry Clay for the 1831 election • By 1836 Anti Jackson supporters started a new party- The Whigs

New Ways of Choosing The President • Caucus: meeting of members of a political party • Nominating Conventions: large meetings of party delegates to choose candidates for office

Jackson Becomes President • 1824 Election 3 X the amount of people come out to vote • Most new voters supported Jackson • Sectionalism is growing and class divisions are more seen Jackson- Supported in the West and south, also by small business people artisans and workers in cities

“Age of The Common Man” • Jackson supporters helped coin the phrase “Age of The Common Man” • 1, 000 s of ordinary workers flocked to Washington to be a part of Jackson's Inauguration • More than 20, 000 attended the Inauguration dinner • Some called his time in office “Reign of king Mob”

Spoils System • Jackson replaced many government officials with people who had supported him in his election • Other officials had done this previously, however Jackson openly defended what he was doing • “To the victors belong the spoils (loot)” • Spoils System: the practice of rewarding government jobs to loyal supporters of the party that wins an election

Section 4: Indian Removal Why did Jackson use force to remove Native Americans from the Southeast? Picture From: http: //www. cherokee-indian-art. com/images/Cherokee%20 Trail%20 Of%20 Tears. jpg

Native Americans of the Southeast • Many of the 100, 000 N-A’s that lived east of the Mississippi River were farmers or lived in settler’s towns • Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Creek lived around Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia • The Seminoles live in Florida

Native Americans of the Southeast • Cherokee above all others had been the ones that adopted white customs • They created an English newspaper • Spoke the English language as a second language • Ran successful business • Converted to Christianity • Started their own school • Had their own government • Made treaties with the U. S. government

Conflict Over Land • To the U. S. government the N-As proved to be an obstacle to westward expansion • Many southerners wanted/needed the land west to plant more cotton • White settlers were forcing N-As to move west off of the fertile lands

Forced Movement • Thomas Jefferson actually started the policies that moved N-As off their lands • He hoped it would be a peaceful movement • War of 1812 brought more treaties with the N-A’s to move them off their land • N-As of the Southeast, especially the Cherokee refused to move

Cherokee Refuse • President James Monroe in 1825 starts to make a plan to remove all N-As that were east of the Mississippi River to west of the river • Cherokee decide to take the U. S. to court in 1828 • Cherokee argue that they have developed many English customs, many have converted to Christianity and they also trade with many whites and have developed a government and made treaties with the US

Support For Native Americans • Supreme Court hears 2 Cases: • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia the court refused to stop Georgia from forcing the Cherokee off their lands • Worcester v. Georgia Court declared Georgia’s laws “can have no force” within Cherokee territory

Section 5: States’ Rights • Tariff of Abominations 1828