Ancient Rome the Rise of Christianity 509 B

Ancient Rome & the Rise of Christianity 509 B. C. – A. D. 476 Chapter Focus: How did Rome grow from a single city to a huge, diverse empire?

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape Focus: What values formed the basis of Roman society and government? n Roman Civilization Arises In Italy – Central location on Mediterranean & peninsula – Fertile plains for farming – Geography – easy to unify* § Mtns. smaller – No isolated valleys

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape n Settlement – Italian Peninsula – 800 B. C. – Latins § settle along Tiber River – Greeks settle southern Italy – Etruscans settle northern Italy § Romans use construction methods § Engineering techniques § Adopt some Gods & Goddesses

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape n Legend – Founded by Romulus & Remus* § Romans have divine origin (Sons of Mars) § Raised by a she-wolf

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape 509 B. C. – drive out Etruscan ruler n Set up a Republic – people chose some of the governing officials* n – Prevent individual from gaining to much power

5. 1 - The Roman World Takes Shape n Senate* – 300 members* – Serve for life* – Consuls* § 2 selected* § Serve one term* § Responsible to each other § Supervise business & armies*

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape n Patricians* – landholding upper class* – Original senate members n Plebeians* – Farmers, merchants, artisans, & traders* § Tribunes – protect interests of plebeians in senate* – Veto – block laws felt harmful to them* § Eventually allowed as members of the senate

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape n Dictator* – Ruler who has complete control over the government* § 6 month rule* § Event of war* Pompey is made Dictator ------->

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape n The Laws of the Twelve Tables* – 450 B. C. – laws are written down*

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape Roman Society n Men* – Head of Household* – Absolute power n Women* – Loving, dignified, strong – Own property & run business* – Patrician women – theater, dine out *All educated; read & write

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape n Polytheistic – Gods adapted from Greeks* – Jupiter – ruled over sky & other Gods – Juno – ruled over marriage – Neptune – God of the sea – Mars – God of War

5. 1 – The Roman World Takes Shape n Roman Republic Grows – 270 B. C. – Rome controls most of the Italian peninsula – Legion – basic military unit; 5, 000 men* § Conquered – acknowledge Roman leadership; keep customs* § Offered citizenship*

5. 2 – From Republic to Empire Focus: What factors led to the decline of the Roman republic and the rise of the Roman empire? Rome Grows Through Conquest Gain control of Italian peninsula n Expand westward n Contact with north African city-state: Carthage* – Conflict n

5. 2 – Rome Grows Through Conquest n Punic Wars (3)* – Rome vs. Carthage* n First War* – Rome defeats Carthage* – Gains: § Sicily § Corsica § Sardinia

5. 2 – Rome Grows Through Conquest Second War* n Hannibal – Carthaginian general* – Invaded Italy from the north (alps)* – Failed to capture Rome n Romans attack Carthage – Hannibal forced to return home – Rome defeats Carthage*

5. 2 – Rome Grows Through Conquest Third War* n Rome destroys Carthage* n Romans are masters of the western Mediterranean n Expand eastward – Macedonia, Greece, & parts of Asia Minor – Imperialism– policy of establishing control over foreign land people*

5. 2 – Impact of Conquest n n n Conquests brings riches to Rome New class of wealthy Romans create latifundias, or large estates* Conquered people – slaves on estates Farmers in debt Values: Greed replaces hard work & devotion

5. 2 – Roman Republic Declines Series of civil wars n Roman soldiers loyal to their commander, not Rome n

5. 2 – Roman Republic Declines Military generals, Julius Caesar and Pompey, dominate Roman politics* n Caesar defeats Pompey & becomes dictator, or absolute ruler, of Rome* n – Kept the senate

5. 2 – Death of Julius Caesar Senate fears Caesar’s power n March of 44 B. C. – Julius Caesar stabbed to death on senate floor* n

5. 2 – Augustus n 31 B. C. – Octavian defeats Mark Antony & Cleopatra of Egypt & takes power of Rome* – Octavian takes name of Augustus, or exalted one* – Roman Republic ends Roman Empire begins Battle of Actium

5. 2 - Augustus n Builds stable govn’t – – Census – population count; records (taxes)* Postal service Coins Public works (roads, temples, etc. )

5. 2 – Roman Peace n Pax Romana – 200 years of Roman Peace* – Began with Augustus & ended with Marcus Aurelius

5. 2 – Emperors Vary Bad Caligula n Nero n

5. 2 – Emperors Vary Good n Hadrian

5. 2 – Entertainment n n Circus Maximus Gladiators* – Usually slaves or criminals who were trained to fight

5. 3 Roman Achievement n Focus: How did advances in arts, learning, and the law show the Romans’ high regard for cultural and political achievement?

5. 3 - The Roman Achievement n Romans adapted many of their ideas from two major cultures: – Greek – Hellenistic

5. 3 - The Roman Achievement n Roman Literature: – Virgil*- wrote the Aeneid § tried to portray Roman past as heroic

5. 3 - The Roman Achievement n Roman Literature: – Some writers of Rome use satire – Satirize*- make fun of (society) § Examples of Modern Satire – Animal Farm – Fahrenheit 451

5. 3 - The Roman Achievement n Roman sculptures*: – Stressed realism* – Tried to reveal an individuals character traits

5. 3 - The Roman Achievement n Roman Art: – Used to decorate the homes – Mosaic*- pictures made from chipped stone or glass

5. 3 - The Roman Achievement n Roman Architecture*: emphasized grandeur- large, proud* - Pantheon

Pompeii n Roman art and architecture was preserved in Pompeii – Mt. Vesuvius eruptedturning the city into concrete statues

5. 3 - The Roman Achievement n Roman math and science: – Excelled in engineering § using science and mathematics to build structures & machines* – aqueducts § bring water into the city*

n Romans used science to: – Collect knowledge – Improve maps and geography – Create encyclopedias

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity Focus: How did Christianity emerge and then spread to become the official religion of the Roman empire? n The Roman empire was home to many different religions during the Pax Romana n Religions included: Polytheistic (Greek God), Monotheistic (Christianity), and even Cults n Rome tolerated this as long people remained loyal to Rome.

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity Jesus n Jesus (4 BCE. - 30 AD) believed by many Jews to be the messiah - anointed king sent by God* n Christianity begins from the teachings of Jesus (a Jew)

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity Jesus n By the age of 30 Jesus’ teachings were drawing a large following. (Miracles) n He recruited 12 disciples or followers to help on his mission - called apostles - “person sent forth” (Greek)* n Teachings were rooted in accordance with Jewish beliefalso preached new beliefs calling himself the son of God.

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity n Some Jews regarded him as a trouble maker n Roman leaders feared he would challenge Roman rule* n He was condemned to death by Crucifixion

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity n The Message of Christianity spreads: n Those of the new faith were called Christians because they believed Jesus was the Christ meaning anointed one. (Greek)* n Along with Jesus’ disciples Paul was the most influential in spreading Christianity. * – Taught that those accepting Christ would have eternal life.

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity n In Christianity’s early stages Rome was not tolerant – Roman officials thought the religion caused disloyalty n Christians were persecuted and even killed for their beliefs n Those who died for their beliefs were called: Martyrs*

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity n In AD 313 the persecution of Christians ended: – The Emperor Constantine- issues the Edict of Milan* – Edict of Milanallowed people to worship freely* – Leads to Christianity becoming the official religion of Rome*

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity n Early Church: n To join you had to be baptized- “anointed with holy water”* n Set up a clergy- people who conducted services (only men)* n Each community had a bishop - high church official-* equal in authority to apostles n Bishops took the title of patriarch- “father”*

5. 4 - The Rise of Christianity n Differences in the Early Church: n In the western part of the Roman empire, where Latin was the official language, church officials were called: popes* n Popes believed they had authority over bishops n Heresies also developed: beliefs outside official church teachings*

5. 5 The Long Decline Focus: How did military, political, social, and economic factors combine to cause the fall of the western Roman empire? n After 100’s of years of domination the Roman Empire begins to fade due to: – – – Economic Problems Invasions Corruption

5. 5 The Long Decline n The end of the Pax Romana was followed by political turmoil* n In a 50 year period 26 different emperors ruled (only one dying of natural causes) n High taxes and a lack of farming hurt the economy*

5. 5 The Long Decline Attempted Reform n Diocletian attempts reform: – Divides the empire* – East v. West – To slow inflation he fixed prices – Inflation- rapid rise of prices*

Split Empire

5. 5 The Long Decline Attempted Reform n Constantine: – Followed Diocletian – Continued reforms* – Granted tolerance* to Christians – Establishes a new Capital (east): * § Constantinople* (Byzantium)

5. 5 The Long Decline

n Invaders threaten the Empire n Wars in Asia forced the Huns (fierce nomads) to migrate (200) – The Huns forced Germanic* people into Roman Lands n First the Empire gave up: Britain*, France, and Spain n Attila the Hun - reaches central Europe around the year 434 5. 5 The Long Decline

5. 5 The Long Decline Rome Falls: Military attacks: - Legions are stretched too thin - Rome begins to rely on mercenaries – soldiers who are paid to fight; no loyalty

5. 5 The Long Decline Rome Falls: n Political Turmoil: Government loses support of the people - Corrupt government officials - Dividing Empire- East does little to help West -

5. 5 The Long Decline Rome Falls: n Economic Weakness: Heavy taxes - Lack of new technology (slave labor) - Population declines (war & disease) -

5. 5 The Long Decline Rome Falls: n Social Decay: - Lack of patriotism - Upper class- focuses on leisure - Instead of being leaders