Ancient Rome Geography and Rome Why was it

Ancient Rome

Geography and Rome �Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than the Greeks? �Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula. �Rich soil �Mild climate �Center of Mediterranean Sea

The Roman Republic �Romans drive out Etruscans, c. 509 B. C. E. �What is a republic? �All citizens with the right to vote choose their leaders. �Is it a democracy? �Male citizens could attend, but votes of wealthy class counted more

�Social classes �Plebeians- lower class Romans �Patricians- upper class Romans �Who has the power?

The Roman Republic: Government Dictator 1 2 300 men Majority of Population Could rule up to 6 months in times of war

The Roman Republic: Government Consuls 1 2 300 men Majority of Population Preside over senate, generals, 1 yr term

The Roman Republic: Government 1 Senate 2 Served for life, 300 men most powerful body Majority of Population

The Roman Republic: Government Dictator Consuls Senate Patricians 1 2 300 men Majority of Population

�Gradually, Plebeians gain some political power �Tribunes

The Roman Republic: Government Dictator 1 2 300 men Tribunes Plebeians Slaves Majority of Population No power

Expansion � 3 Punic (Phoenician) Wars �Against Carthage �To dominate western Mediterranean trade and islands

Results of Punic Wars • Rome captures Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor • The Mediterranean belongs to Rome • Made citizens out of those they conquered, esp. elites

Roman Family �Male dominated �“Paterfamilias”

What was the fashion of the day? Togas (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers! citizen, matron, curule magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave Roman Dress Roman Clothing

Economy �Like the Greeks, the Romans were extremely reliant on the importation of grains (especially from Egypt) and the export of their own cash crops �What’s a cash crop? �Traded with India for spices �Traded with China for silk

�“Bread and Circuses” �Colosseum

Circus Maximus

Problems in the Republic �Corruption �Loyalty to generals �While men were fighting in the army, wealthy landowners took their farms and created “latifundia” �Because these men now had no land they could no longer be in the military

�Julius Caesar �Marches to Rome �Makes himself dictator - 45 B. C. E. �“Veni, Vidi, Vici” �Killed- why?

�After Caesar �Marc Antony and Cleopatra

�Octavian- “Augustus Caesar” �First official emperor of Rome- 27 B. C. E �Roman Empire begins

�Pax Romana “Roman Peace” �Stable government that functioned well for over 200 years �From Augustus to Marcus Aurelius �Made trade safe and easy �Rome continues to expand �Wealth acquired widens gap between rich and poor

Other Emperors

Marcus Aurelius

Caligula

Nero

The Empire Expands How did the empire maintain control and communication?

Religion �Adopted Greek gods �Jupiter is Zeus �Mars is Ares �Venus is Aphrodite �Rome was generally tolerant of other religions

Culture �Got a lot from the Greeks �Philosophy - rational thinking, observation, and deduction �Law – Twelve Tables- prevent abuses of power �Art �Order �Symmetry �Usefulness �Achievement

Excerpts from the 12 Tables • • • Table I. 1. If anyone summons a man before the magistrate, he must go. If the man summoned does not go, let the one summoning him call the bystanders to witness and then take him by force. Table IV. 1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. 2. If a father sell his son three times, the son shall be free from his father. 5. A child born after ten months since the father's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance. 6. Any woman who does not wish to be subjected in this manner to the hand of her husband should be absent three nights in succession every year, and so interrupt the usucapio of each year. Table VII. 1. Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes. 6. Putting to death of any man, whosoever he might be unconvicted is forbidden. Table XI. 1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.

Christianity �Attractive to many Romans �Why?

Roman Achievements • • • Technology Developed concrete Arches Created aqueducts for piped water Built an extensive road system over 50, 000 miles

The Pantheon “Temple of all the gods”

Aqueducts • Used to transport fresh water from the hills into the city

Baths • Popular leisure activity • Many business and political decisions were made at the baths

Engineering Wonders… Roman Engineering Accomplishments Roman Roads

Mount Vesuvius • In 79 A. D. , Mt. Vesuvius erupts, covering the town of Pompeii in ash. • People, buildings, and works of art were preserved in the ash

Third Century Crisis �c. 235 C. E. �Frequent invasions and rebellions break empire apart �Inflation; poor economic decisions �Disruption of trade (not safe to travel) �Frequent changes in rulers �Diocletian's reforms help end crisis

Two Reformers • • Diocletian Divided the empire into two parts to make it easier to govern Fixed prices to slow inflation (the rapid rise of prices) Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods

Constantine • • • Continued Diocletian’s reforms Converted to Christianity and granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power

Fall of the Empire (5 th and 6 th centuries) �Reasons �Over-expansion (economic reasons) �Loss of values �Reliance on mercenary armies (hired armies) - what does that mean if you have to hire an army? �Invasion �Corruption �Plagues

2 The Roman Empire at Its Height Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.

Western Roman and Byzantine Empires

Divided Roman Empire

Christianity

Major events (from the Gospels) �Jesus born – 4 B. C. E. �Becomes preacher – called “Messiah” by followers �Performs miracles �Emphasizes spiritual equality of poor and women �Angers Romans and Jewish establishment (seen as a threat) �Crucified on the Cross (rose from dead) �Forgiveness of sins through faith in Jesus �Where does this information come from?

Paul and the Spread of Christianity �Paul organizes the Church (emphasizes faith) �Missionary voyages �Modeled on the Roman govt. structure

Persecution �Many emperors persecuted Christians (and Jews) �Nero especially (killed Paul and Peter- became Martyrs)

Growth �Emperor Constantine converts in 313 C. E. �Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion in 392 �Leads to persecution of paganism �Christians said people would not have to follow Jewish law (certain rituals etc. ) �Converts lower classes before upper �Eventually Christianity spreads beyond the Roman Empire

The Empire divided

Qin Dynasty – 221 B. C. E. • • “Shi Huangdi” (first emperor) wiped out the Zhou and conquered northern China, uniting it under central government Enforced legalism

How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? • • • He replaced feudal states with military districts governed by loyal officials. (Got rid of aristocracy and replaced them with trained bureaucrats) He sent spies to report on local officials. He forced noble families to live in his capital so he could monitor them.

Shi Huang Di’s policies cont. � He jailed, tortured, and killed those who opposed his rule (Confucians). � He had all books of philosophy and literature burned. � He standardized weights & measures, coins, laws and writing � He connected the various parts of the Great Wall and expanded it. 4, 000 miles

“Each stone in the Great Wall cost a human life”

Shi Huangdi’s Army Going to the Afterlife with Him!

Terra Cotta Soldiers

Statue of Shi Huang Di

Han Dynasty • The Han dynasty ruled from 202 B. C. E to 220 CE; rivaled Roman empire in power and achievement • Wu Di- successful emperor • Nationalized iron and salt industries • Expanded borders • Fought the Xiongnu Emperor Wudi

Han Dynasty Golden Age • • • Established a civil service examination for public posts Based on merit (Confucian classics) National universities dedicated to Confucianism Opportunities for all males. Really? 72 hrs 2 - 5% passed Postal Service Tax collecting system Created large bureaucratic govt. Expanded into Central Asia

The Han Golden Age MEDICINE 1. Diagnosed diseases. 2. Used herbal remedies and other drugs for treatments. 3. Explored uses of acupuncture.

The Han Golden Age TECHNOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Horse collar Watermill Made paper out of wood pulp. Crossbow Gunpowder, fireworks, cannon

Describe the rise of the Han dynasty in China. • The Han • portrayed themselves as more benevolent than the Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of responsibility. • Society • Merchants and artisans looked down upon • Peasants were the largest class • Economy • Taxes supplied wealth to support the Chinese people and the Han government. • Public Service • All males had to donate 1 month every year to government projects and 2 years in the military.

• • Describe the lives of the Chinese people during the Han Family The basic Chinese social unit included all previous generations. Confucian influence – loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor. – Each member of the family had a place in the hierarchy and a proper role to play. Women subordinate roles for women, who were controlled by their fathers, husbands, or sons. not considered proper for women to participate in public life or business Arranged marriages

Fall of the Han �Empire gets too big �Economic problems �Invasions �High taxes �Eventually leads to revolts

Han China and Roman Empire Compared �Similarities: �Concentration of wealth (elites) �Role of emperor (divine) �Religious policies (absorbed foreign religions) �Controlled trade �Fought nomads/Huns �Gender relations

�Differences �China has more influence on neighbors �Geopolitical- China larger “heartland” �Longevity �China assimilates more people, spreads language; Latin doesn’t spread